Chapter 13
Fluid Mechanics
![Characteristics of Fluids](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14710.jpg)
When a force is applied parallel to the top surface of a solid, it resists the applied force due to the internal frictional forces between the layers…
![Density](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12731.jpg)
Density is an important characteristic of substances, crucial in determining whether an object sinks or floats in a fluid. Its SI unit is kg/m3, and…
![Variation of Atmospheric Pressure](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14711.jpg)
Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the…
![Pascal's Law](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12733.jpg)
In 1653, the French philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal published "Treatise on the Equilibrium of Liquids," which discussed the…
![Pressure Gauges](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14712.jpg)
Most pressure gauges, like those on scuba tanks, are calibrated to read zero at atmospheric pressure. Readings from such gauges are called the gauge…
![Buoyancy](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12735.jpg)
When an object is placed in a fluid, it either floats or sinks. All objects in a fluid experience a buoyant force. For example, a metal ball sinks,…
![Density and Archimedes' Principle](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12737.jpg)
When a lump of clay is dropped into water, it sinks. But if the same lump of clay is molded into the shape of a boat, it starts to float. Because of…
![Accelerating Fluids](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14713.jpg)
When a fluid is in constant acceleration, the pressure and buoyant force equations are modified. Suppose a beaker is placed in an elevator…
![Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14715.jpg)
The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal…
![Contact Angle](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14737.jpg)
When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is…
![Laminar and Turbulent Flow](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12738.jpg)
Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For…
![Equation of Continuity](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12739.jpg)
Fluid motion is represented by either velocity vectors or streamlines. The volume of a fluid flowing past a given location through an area during a…
![Bernoulli's Principle](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12741.jpg)
Bernoulli's equation incorporates how fluid pressure changes across a static, incompressible fluid by equating the kinetic energy contribution to…
![Bernoulli's Principle: Applications](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14739.jpg)
There are many devices and situations in which fluid flows at a constant height and so can be analyzed using Bernoulli's principle. These devices…
![Viscosity](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12742.jpg)
When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks…
![Poiseuille's Law and Reynolds Number](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/12743.jpg)
Any fluid in a horizontal tube can flow due to pressure differences—fluid flows from high to low pressure. The flow rate (Q) is the ratio of…