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The Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE) is a peer reviewed, PubMed-indexed video journal. Our mission is to increase the productivity of scientific research.

2433 Video Articles Published

50 Video Articles per Month

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This month in JoVE June, 2013

The Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE) is a peer reviewed, PubMed-indexed video journal. Our mission is to increase the productivity of scientific research.

June 2013: This Month in JoVE

Wendy Chao¹, Aaron Kolski-Andreaco²

¹Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, ²JoVE Content Production

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

Kelly Burrell¹, Sameer Agnihotri¹, Michael Leung², Ralph DaCosta², Richard Hill², Gelareh Zadeh³

¹Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, ²Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, ³Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

Robert M.J. Deacon

Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford

Assessment of Sensorimotor Function in Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease

Sheila M. Fleming^1,2, Osunde R. Ekhator^1,2, Valentins Ghisays¹

¹Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, ²Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Pedro Schestatsky^1,2,3, Leon Morales-Quezada^3,4, Felipe Fregni³

¹Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, ²Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), ³Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, ⁴De Montfort University

Analysis of Targeted Viral Protein Nanoparticles Delivered to HER2+ Tumors

Jae Youn Hwang¹, Daniel L. Farkas¹, Lali K. Medina-Kauwe^2,3

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, ²Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, ³Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles

Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model

Stefanie Grafmüller^1,2,3, Pius Manser², Harald F. Krug², Peter Wick², Ursula von Mandach¹

¹Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Pharmacology, University Hospital Zurich, ²Laboratory for Materials - Biology Interactions, EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, ³Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates

Ryan Starko-Bowes, Sandipan Pramanik

Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta

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Most Recent Video Articles

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned<span style='display: none;'> Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates</span>…

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned…
Published Yesterday

We report a simple method for fabricating an ultrahigh density array of vertically ordered small-molecular organic nanowires. This method allows for synthesis of complex heterostructured hybrid nanowire geometries, which can be inexpensively grown on arbitrary substrates. These structures have potential applications in organic electronics, optoelectronics, chemical sensing, photovoltaics and spintronics.

Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and<span style='display: none;'> Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model</span>…

Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and…
Published Yesterday

The ex vivo dual recirculating human placental perfusion model can be used to investigate the transfer of xenobiotics and nanoparticles across the human placenta. In this video protocol we describe the equipment and techniques required for a successful execution of a placenta perfusion.

Analysis of Targeted Viral Protein Nanoparticles Delivered<span style='display: none;'> to HER2+ Tumors</span>…

Analysis of Targeted Viral Protein Nanoparticles Delivered to HER2+ Tumors…
Published Yesterday

This article details the procedures for optical imaging analysis of the tumor-targeted nanoparticle, HerDox. In particular, detailed use of the multimode imaging device for detecting tumor targeting and assessing tumor penetration is described here.

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct<span style='display: none;'> Current Stimulation</span>…

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation…
Published 6/17/2013

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown initial therapeutic effects in several neurological conditions. The main mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects is the modulation of cortical excitability. Therefore, online monitoring of cortical excitability would help guide stimulation parameters and optimize its therapeutic effects. In the present article we review the use of a novel device that combines simultaneous tDCS and EEG monitoring in real time.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using<span style='display: none;'> Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae</span>…

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using…
Published 6/14/2013

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Purification and microRNA Profiling of Exosomes Derived<span style='display: none;'> from Blood and Culture Media</span>…

Purification and microRNA Profiling of Exosomes Derived from Blood and Culture Media…
Published 6/14/2013

The presence of stable microRNAs (miRNAs) in exosomes has generated immense interest as a novel mode of intercellular communication, for their potential utility as biomarkers and as a route for therapeutic intervention. Here we demonstrate exosome purification from blood and culture media followed by quantitative PCR to identify miRNAs being transported.

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from<span style='display: none;'> Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds</span>…

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds…
Published 6/07/2013

We report an efficient and simple method to isolate embryos at early stages of development from Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Up to 40 embryos can be isolated in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. The procedure is suitable for transcriptome, DNA methylation, reporter gene expression, immunostaining and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses.

Assessing Murine Resistance Artery Function Using Pressure<span style='display: none;'> Myography</span>…

Assessing Murine Resistance Artery Function Using Pressure Myography…
Published 6/07/2013

In pressure myography, an intact small segment of a vessel is mounted onto two small cannulas and pressurized to a suitable luminal pressure. Here, we describe the method to measure vasorelaxation response of the mouse 3^rd order mesenteric arteries in c57 and sGCα₁^-/- mice using pressure myography.

Trypsin Digest Protocol to Analyze the Retinal Vasculature<span style='display: none;'> of a Mouse Model</span>…

Trypsin Digest Protocol to Analyze the Retinal Vasculature of a Mouse Model…
Published 6/13/2013

Trypsin digest is one of the most commonly used methods to analyze retinal vasculature. This manuscript describes the method in detail, including key alterations to optimize the technique and remove the non-vascular tissue while preserving the overall architecture of the vessels.

An Isolated Semi-intact Preparation of the Mouse Vestibular <span style='display: none;'>Sensory Epithelium for Electrophysiology and High-resolution Two-photon Microscopy</span>…

An Isolated Semi-intact Preparation of the Mouse Vestibular …
Published 6/13/2013

Analysis of vestibular hair cell function is complicated by their location deep within the hardest part of the skull, the petrous temporal bone. Most functional hair cell studies have used acutely isolated hair cells. Here we describe a semi-intact preparation of mouse vestibular epithelium for electrophysiological and two-photon microscopy studies.

Simultaneous Whole-cell Recordings from Photoreceptors and<span style='display: none;'> Second-order Neurons in an Amphibian Retinal Slice Preparation</span>…

Simultaneous Whole-cell Recordings from Photoreceptors and…
Published 6/01/2013

We describe the preparation of thin retinal slices from aquatic tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) and explain how we use these slices to study synaptic processing in the retina by obtaining dual whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from photoreceptors and second-order horizontal and bipolar cells.

Electroporation of the Hindbrain to Trace Axonal<span style='display: none;'> Trajectories and Synaptic Targets in the Chick Embryo</span>…

Electroporation of the Hindbrain to Trace Axonal…
Published 5/29/2013

How neuronal networks are established in the embryonic brain is a fundamental question in developmental neurobiology. Here we combined an electroporation technique with novel genetic tools, such as Cre/Lox–plasmids and PiggyBac-mediated DNA transposition system in the avian hindbrain to label dorsal interneurons and track their axonal projections and synaptic targets at various developmental stages.

An <em>In vitro</em> Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human<span style='display: none;'> Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization</span>…

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human…
Published 6/12/2013

Monocyte-derived macrophages are important cells of the innate immune system. Here, we describe an easy to use in vitro model to generate these cells. Using gradient centrifugation, negative bead isolation and specific cell culture conditions, monocyte-derived macrophages can be generated for phenotypic and functional studies.

Single Cell Measurements of Vacuolar Rupture Caused by<span style='display: none;'> Intracellular Pathogens</span>…

Single Cell Measurements of Vacuolar Rupture Caused by Intracellular Pathogens…
Published 6/12/2013

We describe a method for tracking the endomembrane rupture elicited by the intracellular bacteria Shigella flexneri and Mycobacterium tuberculosis upon host cell invasion. Our assay makes use of CCF4, a host cytoplasmic FRET probe in live or fixed cells. This reporter is degraded by an enzyme activity present on the bacterial surface.

Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin<span style='display: none;'> Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages</span>…

Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin…
Published 5/30/2013

We set out to determine tolerable concentrations of three fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) and cholera toxin that did not significantly and adversely affect cell survival by solubilizing the fatty acids and the toxin and using them in cell survival assays.

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected<span style='display: none;'> Individuals</span>…

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals…
Published 5/30/2013

CD4+ Regulatory T cells are potent immune-modulators and serve important functions in immune homeostasis. The paucity of these cells in peripheral blood makes functional studies challenging, specifically in the context of HIV-1-infection. We here describe a method to isolate and expand functional CD4+ Tregs from peripheral blood from HIV-1-infected individuals.

A Novel High-resolution <em>In vivo</em> Imaging Technique<span style='display: none;'> to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics</span>…

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique…
Published 6/16/2013

We describe a novel in vivo imaging technique that couples fluorescent chimeric mice with intracranial windows and high-resolution 2-photon microscopy. This imaging platform aids studies of dynamic changes in brain tissue and microvasculature, at a single-cell level, following pathological insults and is adaptable to assess intracranial drug delivery and distribution.

Coculture Analysis of Extracellular Protein Interactions<span style='display: none;'> Affecting Insulin Secretion by Pancreatic Beta Cells</span>…

Coculture Analysis of Extracellular Protein Interactions…
Published 6/15/2013

Transcellular protein interactions are important determinants of pancreatic beta-cell function. Detailed here is a method—adapted from a coculture model of synaptogenesis—for investigating how specific transmembrane proteins influence insulin secretion. Transfected HEK293 cells express proteins of interest; beta cells do not need to be transfected or otherwise directly perturbed.

Photothrombotic Ischemia: A Minimally Invasive and<span style='display: none;'> Reproducible Photochemical Cortical Lesion Model for Mouse Stroke Studies</span>…

Photothrombotic Ischemia: A Minimally Invasive and…
Published 6/09/2013

Photothrombosis is a quick, minimally-invasive technique for inducing small and well-delimited infarction in areas of interest in highly reproducible manner. It is particularly suitable for studying cellular and molecular responses underlying brain plasticity in transgenic mice.

<em>In situ</em> Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous<span style='display: none;'> Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury</span>…

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous…
Published 6/08/2013

Free tissue transfer is widely employed in reconstructive surgery to restore form and function following oncological resection and trauma. Preconditioning this tissue prior to surgery may improve outcome. This article describes an in situ transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM) in rats as a means for testing preconditioning strategies.

Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and…
Published Yesterday

Analysis of Targeted Viral Protein Nanoparticles Delivered to HER2+ Tumors…
Published Yesterday

High-throughput, Automated Extraction of DNA and RNA from<span style='display: none;'> Clinical Samples using TruTip Technology on Common Liquid Handling Robots</span>…

High-throughput, Automated Extraction of DNA and RNA from…
Published 6/11/2013

TruTip is a simple nucleic acid extraction technology whereby a porous, monolithic binding matrix is inserted into a pipette tip. Consequently, the sample preparation format is compatible with most liquid handling instruments, and can be used for many medium to high-throughput clinical applications and sample types.

Photoacoustic Cystography
Published 6/11/2013

Photoacoustic cystography (PAC) has a great potential to map urinary bladders, a radiation sensitive internal organ in pediatric patients, without using any ionizing radiation or toxic contrast agent. Here we demonstrate the use of PAC for mapping urinary bladders with an injection of optical-opaque tracers in rats in vivo.

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned…
Published Yesterday

<em>In-situ</em> Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for<span style='display: none;'> Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation</span>…

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation…
Published 5/27/2013

We describe a method for in-situ tapering of As₂S₃ fibers to achieve efficient mid-infrared supercontinuum generation. By tapering while monitoring the supercontinuum’s spectrum, the spectral width can be maximized for a fiber taper. In-situ fiber tapering can be applied to optimize the performance of other fiber-based devices.

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light<span style='display: none;'> Scattering from Biological Material</span>…

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material…
Published 5/20/2013

We present a non-destructive method for sampling spatial variation in the direction of light scattered from structurally complex materials. By keeping the material intact, we preserve gross-scale scattering behavior, while concurrently capturing fine-scale directional contributions with high-resolution imaging. Results are visualized in software at biologically-relevant positions and scales.

Synthesis and Functionalization of Nitrogen-doped Carbon<span style='display: none;'> Nanotube Cups with Gold Nanoparticles as Cork Stoppers</span>…

Synthesis and Functionalization of Nitrogen-doped Carbon…
Published 5/13/2013

We discussed the synthesis of individual graphitic nanocups using a series of techniques including chemical vapor deposition, acid oxidation and probe-tip sonication. By citrate reduction of HAuCl₄, the graphitic nanocups were effectively corked with gold nanoparticles due to the chemically reactive edges of the cups.

Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using<span style='display: none;'> Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)</span>…

Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using…
Published 5/20/2013

Untargeted metabolomics provides a hypothesis generating snapshot of a metabolic profile. This protocol will demonstrate the extraction and analysis of metabolites from cells, serum, or tissue. A range of metabolites are surveyed using liquid-liquid phase extraction, microflow ultraperformance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) coupled to differential analysis software.

Fabricating Nanogaps by Nanoskiving
Published 5/13/2013

The fabrication of electrically addressable, high-aspect-ratio (> 1000:1) metal nanowires separated by gaps of single nanometers using either sacrificial layers of aluminum and silver or self-assembled monolayers as templates is described. These nanogap structures are fabricated without a clean room or any photo- or electron-beam lithographic processes by a form of edge lithography known as nanoskiving.

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior<span style='display: none;'> to Biomarker Development</span>…

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development…
Published 4/15/2013

Radical-based biomimetic chemistry has been applied to building-up libraries necessary for biomarker development.

Microwave-assisted Intramolecular Dehydrogenative<span style='display: none;'> Diels-Alder Reactions for the Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalenes/Solvatochromic Dyes</span>…

Microwave-assisted Intramolecular Dehydrogenative…
Published 4/01/2013

Microwave-assisted intramolecular dehydrogenative Diels-Alder (DA) reactions provide concise access to functionalized cyclopenta[b]naphthalene building blocks. The utility of this methodology is demonstrated by one-step conversion of the dehydrogenative DA cycloadducts into novel solvatochromic fluorescent dyes via Buchwald-Hartwig palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation…
Published 6/17/2013

Assessment of Sensorimotor Function in Mouse Models of<span style='display: none;'> Parkinson's Disease</span>…

Assessment of Sensorimotor Function in Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease…
Published 6/17/2013

In Parkinson's disease and movement disorders in general, sensitive and reliable behavioral assays are essential for testing novel potential therapeutics. Here, we describe a manageable battery of sensorimotor tests for mice that are sensitive to varying degrees of injury to the nigrostriatal system and useful for preclinical studies.

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats
Published 6/17/2013

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD)<span style='display: none;'> to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior</span>…

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD)…
Published 6/10/2013

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

JoVE Environment (opening in September, 2013) is a multidisciplinary section devoted to the publication of research methods employed in environmental science and green technologies, from biofuels to oceanography to atmospheric sciences. Special consideration is given to experimental techniques and approaches aimed at understanding the Earth, protecting natural resources and creating a more sustainable and environmentally-conscious planet. The scope of this section includes but is not limited to:

Renewable energy and sustainable materials
Environmental engineering
Basic and applied ecology
Ecotoxicology and ecological health
Marine biology and oceanography
Soil and agricultural sciences
Forestry and botany
Atmospheric science and climate modeling
Geosciences

Call for Papers: Send inquiries to environment@jove.com

Most Popular Video Articles

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture<span style='display: none;'> of Genomes.</span>…

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.…
Published 5/06/2010

The Hi-C method allows unbiased, genome-wide identification of chromatin interactions (1). Hi-C couples proximity ligation and massively parallel sequencing. The resulting data can be used to study genomic architecture at multiple scales: initial results identified features such as chromosome territories, segregation of open and closed chromatin, and chromatin structure at the megabase scale.

Microvolume Protein Concentration Determination using the<span style='display: none;'> NanoDrop 2000c Spectrophotometer</span>…

Microvolume Protein Concentration Determination using the NanoDrop 2000c Spectrophotometer…
Published 11/04/2009

Microvolume samples are quantified by a spectrophotometer system that uses natural surface tension to retain samples without the use of cuvettes or capillaries. The dynamic range of protein concentrations and speed by which they can be measured are greatly increased with this method.

Isolation of Mouse Peritoneal Cavity Cells
Published 1/28/2010

The peritoneal cavity in mammals contains different immune cell populations crucial for innate immune responses. An efficient isolation method is required for biochemical and functional analyses of these cells. Here we provide a comprehensive method for the isolation of peritoneal cavity cells in the mouse.

Generating iPS Cells from MEFS through Forced Expression of <span style='display: none;'>Sox-2, Oct-4, c-Myc, and Klf4</span>…

Generating iPS Cells from MEFS through Forced Expression of Sox-2, Oct-4, c-Myc, and Klf4…
Published 4/07/2008

This video shows the procedure for generating induced pluripotent stem cells using inducible lentivirus that express Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4.

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.…
Published 5/06/2010

Microvolume Protein Concentration Determination using the NanoDrop 2000c Spectrophotometer…
Published 11/04/2009

Generating iPS Cells from MEFS through Forced Expression of Sox-2, Oct-4, c-Myc, and Klf4…
Published 4/07/2008

This video shows the procedure for generating induced pluripotent stem cells using inducible lentivirus that express Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4.

Dissection of Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus from Adult Mouse
Published 11/17/2009

A dissection technique for removal of the dentate gyrus from adult mouse under a stereomicroscope was demonstrated in this video-recorded protocol.

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct<span style='display: none;'> Current Stimulation</span>…

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation…
Published 5/23/2011

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an established technique to modulate cortical excitability^1,2. It has been used as an investigative tool in neuroscience due to its effects on cortical plasticity, easy operation, and safe profile. One area that tDCS has been showing encouraging results is pain alleviation ^3-5.

Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model by Endovascular Suture<span style='display: none;'> Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery in the Rat</span>…

Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model by Endovascular Suture…
Published 2/05/2011

Surgical induction of ischemic brain damage in the rat is a widely used model for stroke research. Here we demonstrate the induction of focal cerebral ischemia by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Visualization of the resulting infarct by histological staining and magnetic resonance imaging is also shown.

Preparation of Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rats and<span style='display: none;'> Transgenic Mice for the Study of Synaptic Alterations during Aging and Amyloid Pathology</span>…

Preparation of Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rats and…
Published 3/23/2011

This article outlines procedures for preparing hippocampal slices from rats and transgenic mice for the study of synaptic alterations associated with brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease.

The Subventricular Zone En-face: Wholemount Staining and<span style='display: none;'> Ependymal Flow</span>…

The Subventricular Zone En-face: Wholemount Staining and Ependymal Flow…
Published 5/06/2010

The lateral ventricle walls contain the largest germinal region in the adult mammalian brain. Traditionally, studies on neurogenesis in this region have relied on classical sectioning techniques for histological analysis. Here we present an alternative approach, the wholemount technique, which provides a comprehensive, en-face view of this germinal region.

Isolation of Mouse Peritoneal Cavity Cells
Published 1/28/2010

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: How to Generate and<span style='display: none;'> Visualize Them</span>…

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: How to Generate and Visualize Them…
Published 2/24/2010

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) are an important innate immune mechanism to fight pathogenic bacteria, fungi and parasites. Here we describe methods to isolate neutrophil granulocytes from human blood and to activate them to form NETs. We present preparation techniques to visualize NETs in light and electron microscopy.

Determination of Molecular Structures of HIV Envelope<span style='display: none;'> Glycoproteins using Cryo-Electron Tomography and Automated Sub-tomogram Averaging</span>…

Determination of Molecular Structures of HIV Envelope…
Published 12/01/2011

The protocol describes a high-throughput approach to determining structures of membrane proteins using cryo-electron tomography and 3D image processing. It covers the details of specimen preparation, data collection, data processing and interpretation, and concludes with the production of a representative target for the approach, the HIV-1 Envelope glycoprotein. These computational procedures are designed in a way that enables researchers and students to work remotely and contribute to data processing and structural analysis.

IgY Technology: Extraction of Chicken Antibodies from Egg<span style='display: none;'> Yolk by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Precipitation</span>…

IgY Technology: Extraction of Chicken Antibodies from Egg…
Published 5/01/2011

This protocol describes in particular the extraction of total IgY from egg yolk by means of polyethylene glycol precipitation and gives general information about IgY technology.

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Published 7/05/2011

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is indicated for the treatment of conditions that cannot be treated with conventional arthroplasty or other procedures. These primarily include degenerative and incapacitating conditions with irreparable rotator cuff and loss of the normal biomechanical coupling of the shoulder.

Evaluation of Cancer Stem Cell Migration Using<span style='display: none;'> Compartmentalizing Microfluidic Devices and Live Cell Imaging</span>…

Evaluation of Cancer Stem Cell Migration Using…
Published 12/23/2011

A compartmentalizing microfluidic device for investigating cancer stem cell migration is described. This novel platform creates a viable cellular microenvironment and enables microscopic visualization of live cell locomotion. Highly motile cancer cells are isolated to study molecular mechanisms of aggressive infiltration, potentially leading to more effective future therapies.

Mouse Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
Published 2/13/2011

We demonstrate in the video a method for producing a middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult mice using an intraluminal monofilament. We also show how to evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining.

Coronary Artery Ligation and Intramyocardial Injection in a <span style='display: none;'>Murine Model of Infarction</span>…

Coronary Artery Ligation and Intramyocardial Injection in a Murine Model of Infarction…
Published 6/07/2011

Numerous genetic manipulations and/or intramyocardial injections of genes, proteins, cells, and/or biomaterials are superimposed upon the dimension of time in studies of acute ischemia/ reperfusion injury and chronic remodeling in mice. This video illustrates the microsurgical procedures for ischemia/reperfusion, permanent coronary artery ligation, and intramyocardial injection studies.

Creating Transient Cell Membrane Pores Using a Standard<span style='display: none;'> Inkjet Printer</span>…

Creating Transient Cell Membrane Pores Using a Standard Inkjet Printer…
Published 3/16/2012

A description of the methods used to convert an HP DeskJet 500 printer into a bioprinter. The printer is capable of processing living cells, which causes transient pores in the membrane. These pores can be utilized to incorporate small molecules, including fluorescent G-actin, into the printed cells.

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the <em>Ex</em><span style='display: none;'> Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves</span>…

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves…
Published 8/23/2011

A cyclic pressure bioreactor capable of subjecting heart valve tissue to physiological and pathological pressure conditions has been designed. A LabVIEW program allows users to control pressure magnitude, amplitude and frequency. This device can be used to study the mechanobiology of heart valve tissue or isolated cells.

Procedure for Lung Engineering
Published 3/08/2011

We have developed a decellularized lung extracellular matrix and novel biomimetic bioreactor that can be used to generate functional lung tissue. By seeding cells into the matrix and culturing in the bioreactor, we generate tissue that demonstrates effective gas exchange when transplanted in vivo for short periods of time.

Formulation of Diblock Polymeric Nanoparticles through<span style='display: none;'> Nanoprecipitation Technique</span>…

Formulation of Diblock Polymeric Nanoparticles through Nanoprecipitation Technique…
Published 9/20/2011

This article describes a nanoprecipitation method to synthesize polymer-based nanoparticles using diblock co-polymers. We will discuss the synthesis of diblock co-polymers, the nanoprecipitation technique, and potential applications.

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with<span style='display: none;'> Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping</span>…

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping…
Published 7/02/2012

Polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass are fabricated by deposition of boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers followed by crystallisation, defect passivation and metallisation. Plasmonic light-trapping is introduced by forming Ag nanoparticles on the silicon cell surface capped with a diffused reflector resulting in ~45% photocurrent enhancement.

Investigation of Early Plasma Evolution Induced by<span style='display: none;'> Ultrashort Laser Pulses</span>…

Investigation of Early Plasma Evolution Induced by Ultrashort Laser Pulses…
Published 7/02/2012

An experimental method to examine the early plasma evolution induced by ultrashort laser pulses is described. Using this method, high quality images of early plasma are obtained with high temporal and spatial resolutions. A novel integrated atomistic model is used to simulate and explain the mechanisms of early plasma.

Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D<span style='display: none;'> Carbon Nanotube Microstructures</span>…

Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D Carbon Nanotube Microstructures…
Published 7/02/2012

We present methods for fabrication of patterned microstructures of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their use as master molds for production of polymer microstructures with organized nanoscale surface texture. The CNT forests are densified by condensation of solvent onto the substrate, which significantly increases their packing density and enables self-directed formation of 3D shapes.

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular <span style='display: none;'>Polymers in Water</span>…

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water…
Published 8/02/2012

The goal of this experiment is to determine and control the size, shape and stability of self-assembled discotic amphiphiles in water. For aqueous based supramolecular polymers such level of control is very difficult. We apply a strategy using both repulsive and attractive interactions. The experimental techniques applied to characterize this system are broadly applicable.

Rapid Colorimetric Assays to Qualitatively Distinguish RNA<span style='display: none;'> and DNA in Biomolecular Samples</span>…

Rapid Colorimetric Assays to Qualitatively Distinguish RNA and DNA in Biomolecular Samples…
Published 2/04/2013

A suite of colorimetric assays is described for rapidly distinguishing protein, RNA, DNA, and reducing sugars in potentially heterogeneous biomolecular samples.

Production of Disulfide-stabilized Transmembrane Peptide<span style='display: none;'> Complexes for Structural Studies</span>…

Production of Disulfide-stabilized Transmembrane Peptide Complexes for Structural Studies…
Published 3/06/2013

Biophysical and biochemical studies of interactions among membrane-embedded protein domains face many technical challenges, the first of which is obtaining appropriate study material. This article describes a protocol for producing and purifying disulfide-stabilized transmembrane peptide complexes that are suitable for structural analysis by solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other analytical applications.

Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and<span style='display: none;'> Reconfigurable Particles</span>…

Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and Reconfigurable Particles…
Published 2/04/2013

We describe experimental details of the synthesis of patterned and reconfigurable particles from two dimensional (2D) precursors. This methodology can be used to create particles in a variety of shapes including polyhedra and grasping devices at length scales ranging from the micro to centimeter scale.

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide (SmI<sub>2</sub>)<span style='display: none;'> in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and Ni(II) Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction</span>…

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide (SmI₂)…
Published 2/04/2013

A straightforward procedure for the preparation of samarium diiodide (SmI₂) in THF is described. The role of two main additives namely hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) and Ni(acac)₂ in Sm mediated reactions is demonstrated in the Sm-Barbier reaction.

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats
Published 6/17/2013

Shallow Water (Paddling) Variants of Water Maze Tests in<span style='display: none;'> Mice</span>…

Shallow Water (Paddling) Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice…
Published 6/03/2013

Mice can swim, but many strains appear to find this activity stressful. To overcome this problem mazes have been devised where escape from shallow water is used to motivate behaviour. These have been demonstrated to support learning at least as good as the traditional and widely used Morris water maze.

Stereotactic Injection of MicroRNA-expressing Lentiviruses<span style='display: none;'> to the Mouse Hippocampus CA1 Region and Assessment of the Behavioral Outcome</span>…

Stereotactic Injection of MicroRNA-expressing Lentiviruses…
Published 6/10/2013

MicroRNAs have significant roles in brain structure and function. Here we describe a method to enforce hippocampal miRNA over-expression using stereotactic injection of an engineered miRNA-expressing lentivirus. This approach can serve as a relatively rapid way to assess the in vivo effects of over-expressed miRNAs in specific brain regions.

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley<span style='display: none;'> Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues</span>…

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley…
Published 6/03/2013

Investigation of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis and affective experience requires an understanding of the hypothesis' dimension of human likeness (DHL). This protocol allows representation of the DHL and examination of categorical perception. Use of the same stimuli and fMRI to distinguish brain regions responsive to physical and category change is illustrated.

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