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Articles by Derek Lumbard in JoVE
JoVE Neuroscience
Nucleofection ותרבות ראשונית של נוירונים בהיפוקמפוס עכבר עובריים קליפתיים
Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison
פרוטוקול זה מתאר את הצעדים הנדרשים כדי לנתח, transfect דרך electroporation ועכבר תרבות נוירונים בהיפוקמפוס ואת קליפת המוח. לטווח קצר תרבויות ניתן להשתמש ללימודי תולדה של האקסון והדרכה, ואילו לטווח ארוך תרבויות יכול לשמש מחקרים synaptogenesis ניתוח בעמוד השדרה הדנדריטים.
Other articles by Derek Lumbard on PubMed
BDNF-induced Increase of PSD-95 in Dendritic Spines Requires Dynamic Microtubule Invasions
Microtubules (MTs) are capable of entering dendritic spines in mature hippocampal neurons through dynamic polymerization. Although these MT invasions are directly associated with neuronal activity, their function remains unknown. Here we demonstrate in mouse hippocampal neurons that MT entries into spines regulate the increase in postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) protein after brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) treatment. Using multiwavelength total internal reflectance fluorescence microscopy, we show that BDNF prolonged the average MT dwell time in spines and that this effect was dependent on TrkB receptor activation. Further examination revealed that peaks of MT polymerization into spines corresponded to rapid PSD-95 increases in the spine head. Over time, spines targeted by MTs after BDNF application, but not before, showed a robust increase in PSD-95. Conversely, spines completely devoid of MT invasions showed no significant change in the level of PSD-95. Pharmacological inhibition of MT dynamics abolished the BDNF-induced increase in PSD-95. Together, these results support the hypothesis that the well known increase in PSD-95 within spines after BDNF treatment is dependent on MT invasions of dendritic spines. Thus, our study provides a direct link between dynamic MTs and the postsynaptic structure, and provides a functional role for MT invasion of dendritic spines.
Dynamic Microtubules Promote Synaptic NMDA Receptor-dependent Spine Enlargement
Most excitatory synaptic terminals in the brain impinge on dendritic spines. We and others have recently shown that dynamic microtubules (MTs) enter spines from the dendritic shaft. However, a direct role for MTs in long-lasting spine plasticity has yet to be demonstrated and it remains unclear whether MT-spine invasions are directly influenced by synaptic activity. Lasting changes in spine morphology and synaptic strength can be triggered by activation of synaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and are associated with learning and memory processes. To determine whether MTs are involved in NMDAR-dependent spine plasticity, we imaged MT dynamics and spine morphology in live mouse hippocampal pyramidal neurons before and after acute activation of synaptic NMDARs. Synaptic NMDAR activation promoted MT-spine invasions and lasting increases in spine size, with invaded spines exhibiting significantly faster and more growth than non-invaded spines. Even individual MT invasions triggered rapid increases in spine size that persisted longer following NMDAR activation. Inhibition of either NMDARs or dynamic MTs blocked NMDAR-dependent spine growth. Together these results demonstrate for the first time that MT-spine invasions are positively regulated by signaling through synaptic NMDARs, and contribute to long-lasting structural changes in targeted spines.
