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In JoVE (1)
Other Publications (31)
- Emergency Radiology
- Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
- Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
- Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
- Skeletal Radiology
- Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
- Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
- Academic Radiology
- Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
- AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
- Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
- Emergency Radiology
- Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
- Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
- Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
- Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc
- Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR
- Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR
- Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR
- Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine
- Skeletal Radiology
- Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography
- Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
- AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
- AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
- Skeletal Radiology
- Urology
- Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR
- The American Journal of Sports Medicine
- Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR
- Radiology
Articles by Tim Hunter in JoVE
JoVE General
Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Vermont Genetics Network, The University of Vermont
In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidizing agent.
Other articles by Tim Hunter on PubMed
Rings and Things on Upper Extremity Radiographs of Emergency Patients
Rings, intravenous lines, and other objects on the injured upper extremities of trauma patients are frequently overlooked by radiology and emergency department (ED) personnel. This can impair proper radiologic evaluation of the injured extremity as well as negatively affect the quality of the patient's treatment. A 1-week sample of radiographs of injured upper extremities from the ED of University Medical Center (UMC), Tucson, Arizona, showed that 20% of the studies (19 of 95) contained at least one object on the injured upper extremity, but only one radiology report (1.1%) mentioned such an object. A review of 2489 upper extremity ED radiology reports from January to June 2002 showed only 47 reports (1.9%) that mentioned the presence of an overlying object. It is important to educate radiology department and ED personnel to remove upper extremity jewelry and place necessary medical devices on noninjured extremities.
Foreign Bodies
Foreign bodies are uncommon, but they are important and interesting. Foreign bodies may be ingested, inserted into a body cavity, or deposited into the body by a traumatic or iatrogenic injury. Most ingested foreign bodies pass through the gastrointestinal tract without a problem. Most foreign bodies inserted into a body cavity cause only minor mucosal injury. However, ingested or inserted foreign bodies may cause bowel obstruction or perforation; lead to severe hemorrhage, abscess formation, or septicemia; or undergo distant embolization. Motor vehicle accidents and bullet wounds are common causes of traumatic foreign bodies. Metallic objects, except aluminum, are opaque, and most animal bones and all glass foreign bodies are opaque on radiographs. Most plastic and wooden foreign bodies (cactus thorns, splinters) and most fish bones are not opaque on radiographs. All patients should be thoroughly screened for foreign bodies before undergoing a magnetic resonance imaging study.
Musculoskeletal Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Importance of Radiography
To determine the usefulness of radiography for interpretation of musculoskeletal (MSK) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. DESIGNS AND PATIENTS: In a 1-year period, 1,030 MSK MRI studies were performed in 1,002 patients in our institution. For each study, the interpreting radiologist completed a questionnaire regarding the availability and utility of radiographs, radiological reports and clinical information for the interpretation of the MRI study.
Joint Arthroplasties and Prostheses
Joint arthroplasty is the most frequently performed orthopedic procedure after fracture fixation. The major indications for any joint replacement are degenerative joint disease, inflammatory arthropathy, avascular necrosis, and complicated fractures. The major contraindications for any joint arthroplasty are systemic and joint infection and a neuropathic joint. The interpretation of radiographs in cases of joint arthroplasty is a significant part of many radiology practices, and correct recognition of the prosthetic devices and their complications by the radiologist is important. The article reviews the most common types of joint arthroplasties and prostheses of the upper and lower extremities and discusses the most frequent complications associated with their placement.
Fracture Fixation
The basic goal of fracture fixation is to stabilize the fractured bone, to enable fast healing of the injured bone, and to return early mobility and full function of the injured extremity. Fractures can be treated conservatively or with external and internal fixation. Conservative fracture treatment consists of closed reduction to restore the bone alignment. Subsequent stabilization is then achieved with traction or external splinting by slings, splints, or casts. Braces are used to limit range of motion of a joint. External fixators provide fracture fixation based on the principle of splinting. There are three basic types of external fixators: standard uniplanar fixator, ring fixator, and hybrid fixator. The numerous devices used for internal fixation are roughly divided into a few major categories: wires, pins and screws, plates, and intramedullary nails or rods. Staples and clamps are also used occasionally for osteotomy or fracture fixation. Autogenous bone grafts, allografts, and bone graft substitutes are frequently used for the treatment of bone defects of various causes. For infected fractures as well as for treatment of bone infections, antibiotic beads are frequently used.
Academic Radiology: the Reasons to Stay or Leave
To find major reasons why junior academic radiologists leave academia for private practice and to suggest future changes to motivate them to stay.
Medical Devices of the Head, Neck, and Spine
There are many medical devices used for head, neck, and spinal diseases and injuries, and new devices are constantly being introduced. Many of the newest devices are variations on a previous theme. Knowing the specific name of a device is not important. It is important to recognize the presence of a device and to have an understanding of its function as well as to be able to recognize the complications associated with its use. The article discusses the most common and important devices of the head, neck, and spine, including cerebrospinal fluid shunts and the Codman Hakim programmable valve; subdural drainage catheters, subdural electrodes, intracranial electrodes, deep brain stimulators, and cerebellar electrodes; coils, balloons, adhesives, particles, and aneurysm clips; radiation therapy catheters, intracranial balloons for drug installation, and carmustine wafers; hearing aids, cochlear implants, and ossicular reconstruction prostheses; orbital prostheses, intraocular silicone oil, and lacrimal duct stents; anterior and posterior cervical plates, posterior cervical spine wiring, odontoid fracture fixation devices, cervical collars and halo vests; thoracic and lumbar spine implants, anterior and posterior instrumentation for the thoracic and lumbar spine, vertebroplasty, and artificial disks; spinal column stimulators, bone stimulators, intrathecal drug delivery pumps, and sacral stimulators; dental and facial implant devices; gastric and tracheal tubes; vagus nerve stimulators; lumboperitoneal shunts; and temperature- and oxygen-sensing probes.
Musculoskeletal Colloquialisms: How Did We Come Up with These Names?
Eponyms and colloquial terms are labels that provide two kinds of information: the pattern of a complex injury or pathologic problem and, in the case of an eponym, the name of an individual who has been closely identified with the pathologic problem. Such terms remind us that the medicine of today is not entirely the work of our contemporaries. The article illustrates many of the common colloquial terms applied to fractures and musculoskeletal injuries seen in everyday practice. Wherever possible, the illustrations and definitions are based on the original descriptions of the injuries.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues; the First Manifestation of Disease in a 6-month-old Infant: a Case Report with Literature Review
Leukemic infiltrate involving the skin and subcutaneous tissue was the first manifestation of disease in a 6-month-old female infant. Knowledge of age-related distribution patterns of the red (cellular) and yellow (fatty) marrow is crucial for the interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. Diffusely decreased signal intensity throughout the bone marrow on the T1-weighted images specifically involving the epiphyseal ossification centers in infants 6 months after their appearance should be suggestive of a marrow infiltrative/replacement process. Correlation with the peripheral blood smear and bone marrow aspirate are necessary for the diagnosis of leukemia.
Medical Devices of the Chest
Chest devices are encountered on a daily basis by almost all radiologists. A multitude of extrathoracic materials, from intravenous catheters to oxygen tubing and electrocardiographic leads, frequently overlie the chest, neck, and abdomen. Chest tubes, central venous catheters, endotracheal tubes, and feeding tubes are very common. Cardiac surgery involves the use of many sophisticated devices and procedures, ranging from valve replacement to repair of complex congenital anomalies. Coronary artery bypass surgery is no longer considered unusual, and in many large medical centers, ventricular assist devices and total artificial hearts are frequently encountered. Breast implants are visible at standard chest radiography, and many ancillary devices not intended for treatment of cardiac or thoracic diseases are visible on chest radiographs. New devices are constantly being introduced, but most of them are variations on a previous theme. Knowing the specific name of a device is not important. It is important to recognize the presence of a device and to have an understanding of its function, as well as to recognize the complications associated with its use.
Medical Devices of the Abdomen and Pelvis
Medical devices in the abdomen and pelvis are probably less frequently seen than those in the chest or extremities, but they are important and should be recognized. These devices can be grouped into a few major categories: intestinal tubes, genitourinary devices, postoperative apparatus, and a wide variety of odds and ends. Many of these devices are used to monitor or treat gastrointestinal and genitourinary disease. Some of them, such as inferior vena cava filters and drug infusion pumps, treat systemic problems, and some of them are devices used in treating another anatomic region. It is strongly recommended that scout views for chest, abdominal, and pelvic computed tomographic studies be carefully examined for medical apparatus. Medical devices are often more easily recognized on scout images, and their inappropriate locations and complications can be better appreciated on the subsequent cross-sectional images if one is alerted to their presence in the first place. The evaluation of routine medical devices should be considered as important as any other aspect of a radiologic examination.
Gallery of Medical Devices: Part 2: Devices of the Head, Neck, Spine, Chest, and Abdomen
This gallery of medical devices illustrates a multitude of common devices in the head, neck, spine, chest, and abdomen that are found in daily radiologic practice (orthopedic devices for the extremities and pelvis were illustrated in Part 1). All these medical devices have been more thoroughly discussed in the previous articles in this medical devices series and in other detailed references. The present article is a comprehensive overview of these devices and provides a quick reference for identifying an unfamiliar device. It is intended to allow the reader to identify a device generically and to understand its purpose. It is important to recognize the presence of a device, understand its purpose and proper function, and recognize the complications associated with its use. Knowing the specific or proper brand name of every device is not important and frequently not possible. New devices are constantly being introduced, although most of them are variations of a previous device. Sometimes, so many devices are used in a patient's treatment that they obscure important anatomy and pathologic conditions (Fig 1). Herein, we present an overview of the many medical devices frequently used in the head, neck, and spine, including a halo device, aneurysm clips, spinal fusion devices, deep brain electrodes, sacral nerve stimulator, and vertebroplasty (Figs 2-9). We also illustrate numerous chest medical devices that are seen daily by almost all radiologists. These devices include a multitude of extrathoracic and intrathoracic apparatus, ranging from intravenous catheters to oxygen tubing and electrocardiographic leads, central venous catheters, chest tubes, endotracheal and feeding tubes, cardiac valves, coronary artery bypass stents, pacemakers, internal cardiac defibrillators, ventricular assist devices, and total artificial hearts (the latter two devices are frequently encountered in many large medical centers) (Figs 10-26). We also present medical devices of the abdomen and pelvis, which can be grouped into four major categories: intestinal tubes, genitourinary apparatus, postoperative apparatus, and vascular devices (Figs 27-47). For a detailed discussion of a particular device, the reader should refer to the appropriate references cited.
Misplaced Devices in the Chest, Abdomen, and Pelvis: Part I
Numerous medical devices are used in the chest and fewer in the abdomen and pelvis. They are frequently seen on various radiological studies in daily practice. Knowing the specific name of the device is not important. However, knowing the proper positioning and function of the device is necessary. It is a duty of the reporting radiologist to recognize the malpositioning or breakage of a medical device and to inform the responsible physician promptly, since these complications can have undesirable consequences and sometimes a fatal outcome.
Misplaced Devices in the Chest, Abdomen, and Pelvis: Part II
Numerous medical devices are used in the chest and fewer in the abdomen and pelvis. They are frequently seen on various radiological studies in daily practice. Knowing the specific name of the device is not important. However, knowing the proper positioning and function of the device is necessary. It is a duty of the reporting radiologist to recognize the malpositioning or breakage of a medical device and to inform the responsible physician promptly, since these complications can have undesirable consequences and sometimes a fatal outcome.
Academic Radiologists' On-call and Late-evening Duties
On-call and late-evening duties have increased dramatically for radiologists, be they in private practice, at academic medical centers, or at state or federal government health care facilities. Most busy medical centers in North America require around-the-clock radiology interpretations for emergent or urgent patients, particularly if they are level 1 trauma centers. Coverage by attending radiologists around the clock is expensive and difficult to implement. In this study, an e-mail questionnaire was sent to 83 members of the Society of Chairmen of Academic Radiology Departments concerning general radiologists' on-call and after-hours duties. Detailed replies were received from 29 academic medical centers, all of which were university owned or affiliated. There was complex variation on how academic radiology departments approached their after-hours commitments, but only 10% of academic institutions (3 of 29) answering the survey had 24-hour in-house coverage by general radiologists. Coverage by attending radiologists around the clock at academic medical centers is not the current standard of practice at most academic medical centers.
Sonography and Sonoarthrography of the Scapholunate and Lunotriquetral Ligaments and Triangular Fibrocartilage Disk: Initial Experience and Correlation with Arthrography and Magnetic Resonance Arthrography
The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of sonography and sonoarthrography in evaluation of dorsal bands of the scapholunate ligament (SLL), lunotriquetral ligament (LTL), and triangular fibrocartilage (TFC) disk in correlation with arthrography and magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA).
Bone Marrow Edema Pattern in Advanced Hip Osteoarthritis: Quantitative Assessment with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Correlation with Clinical Examination, Radiographic Findings, and Histopathology
To correlate the amount of bone marrow edema (BME) calculated by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) with clinical findings, histopathology, and radiographic findings, in patients with advanced hip osteoarthritis(OA).
Update on Imaging and Treatment of Ewing Sarcoma Family Tumors: What the Radiologist Needs to Know
This review article provides an update on multimodality imaging characteristics of Ewing sarcoma family tumors. Pathology of this tumor and current trends in medical and surgical treatment are briefly discussed.
Replication of the Recessive STBMS1 Locus but with Dominant Inheritance
Strabismus is a common eye disorder with a prevalence of 1% to 4%. Comitant strabismus accounts for approximately 75% of all strabismus, yet more is known about the less common incomitant disorders. Comitant strabismus is at least partly inherited, but only one recessive genetic susceptibility locus, on chromosome 7p, has been identified in one family. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of STBMS1 as a cause of primary nonsyndromic comitant esotropia (PNCE).
Imaging Characteristics of Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis with an Emphasis on Acute Spinal Fractures: Review
OBJECTIVE: The educational objectives of this self-assessment module are for the participant to exercise, self-assess, and improve his or her understanding of the imaging of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), with emphasis on acute spinal fractures. CONCLUSION: Understanding the pathomechanics of the fractures in the ankylosed spine is important in the differentiation of the acute spinal fractures in DISH and ankylosing spondylitis. This article emphasizes the imaging features of spinal DISH and acute spinal fractures in DISH, distinguishing them specifically from those in ankylosing spondylitis.
Imaging Characteristics of Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis with an Emphasis on Acute Spinal Fractures: Self-assessment Module
The educational objectives for this self-assessment module are for the participant to exercise, self-assess, and improve his or her understanding of the imaging of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).
Imaging of Musculoskeletal Soft Tissue Infections
Prompt and appropriate imaging work-up of the various musculoskeletal soft tissue infections aids early diagnosis and treatment and decreases the risk of complications resulting from misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. The signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal soft tissue infections can be nonspecific, making it clinically difficult to distinguish between disease processes and the extent of disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of soft tissue infections. Computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, radiography and nuclear medicine studies are considered ancillary. This manuscript illustrates representative images of superficial and deep soft tissue infections such as infectious cellulitis, superficial and deep fasciitis, including the necrotizing fasciitis, pyomyositis/soft tissue abscess, septic bursitis and tenosynovitis on different imaging modalities, with emphasis on MRI. Typical histopathologic findings of soft tissue infections are also presented. The imaging approach described in the manuscript is based on relevant literature and authors' personal experience and everyday practice.
Gender and Renal Cancer: Do Variations in Clinical Presentation and Imaging Patterns Explain Observed Differences Between Males and Females?
To determine whether gender variations in imaging and healthcare access are contributing to observed differences in renal cancer, we examine the initial events in the diagnosis of renal masses in a cohort of patients and correlate it with detailed data on imaging patterns over the same period.
Humeral Avulsion of the Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament in College Female Volleyball Players Caused by Repetitive Microtrauma
Humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament is a rare injury resulting from hyperabduction and external rotation, and it is most commonly seen with sports-related injuries, including those from volleyball. The anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament is most commonly injured (93%), whereas the posterior band is infrequently injured. The axillary pouch humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament as a result of repetitive microtrauma has not been yet described in the English literature.
