Preliminary Report on Tourniquet for Pelvic Perfusion

Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). Feb, 1962  |  Pubmed ID: 14470346

Intermediate and Weak Coupling in 219Ra

Physical Review C: Nuclear Physics. May, 1986  |  Pubmed ID: 9953365

Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of 16O and 18O Ions from 64Zn at Energies Near the Coulomb Barrier

Physical Review C: Nuclear Physics. Aug, 1994  |  Pubmed ID: 9969736

Mechanical Control of Swimming Speed: Stiffness and Axial Wave Form in Undulating Fish Models

The Journal of Experimental Biology. 1995  |  Pubmed ID: 9320209

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanical control of speed in steady undulatory swimming. The roles of body flexural stiffness, driving frequency and driving amplitude were examined; these variables were chosen because of their importance in vibration theory and their hypothesized functions in undulatory swimming. Using a mold of a pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus, we cast three-dimensional vinyl models of four different flexural stiffnesses. We swam the models in a flow tank and powered them via the input of an oscillating sinusoidal bending couple in the horizontal plane at the posterior margin of the neurocranium. To simulate the hydrodynamic conditions of steady swimming, drag and thrust acting on the model were balanced by adjusting flow speed. Under these conditions, the actuated models generated traveling waves of bending. At steady speeds, the motions of the ventral and lateral surfaces of the model were video-taped and analyzed to yield the following response variables: tail-beat amplitude, propulsive wavelength, wave speed and depth of the trailing edge of the caudal fin. Experimental results showed that changes in body flexural stiffness can control propulsive wavelength, wave speed, Froude efficiency and, in consequence, swimming speed. Driving frequency can control tail-beat amplitude, propulsive wavelength, Froude efficiency, relative rate of working and, in consequence, swimming speed. Although there is no significant correlation between rostral amplitude and swimming speed, rostral amplitude can control swimming speed indirectly by controlling tail-beat amplitude and relative power. Compared with live sunfish using undulatory waves at the same speed, models have a lower Froude efficiency. On the basis of the mechanical control of swimming speed in model sunfish, we predict that, in order to swim at fast speeds, live sunfish increase the flexural stiffness of their bodies by a factor of two relative to their passive body stiffness.

From Sequence to Structure to Function

Current Opinion in Structural Biology. Jun, 1996  |  Pubmed ID: 8805487

Cardiovascular Effects of Arginine Vasotocin in the Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

The Journal of Experimental Biology. 1997  |  Pubmed ID: 9344967

The physiological functions of the neurohypophyseal hormone arginine vasotocin (AVT) in teleosts are not clear. In the present studies, the sites and mechanisms of action of AVT on the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss cardiovascular system were examined in unanesthetized instrumented fish, perfused organs and isolated vessels. Injection of AVT (1, 10 or 100 pmol kg-1 body mass) into trout with dorsal aortic cannulas produced a modest, but dose-dependent, increase in dorsal aortic pressure (PDA). Bolus injection of AVT (100 pmol kg-1 body mass), or continuous infusion (6.7 pmol kg-1 min-1), into trout instrumented with dorsal aortic, ventral aortic and central venous cannulas and a ventral aortic flow probe significantly increased PDA as well as ventral aortic (PVA) and central venous (PVEN) blood pressure. Bradycardia accompanied the rapid rise in PVA while gill resistance (RG) increased. Maximum response to the AVT bolus was reached within 13­21 min and the response decayed slowly over the ensuing 90 min. AVT infusion (6.7 pmol kg-1 min-1) significantly increased PVEN and mean circulatory filling pressure and decreased unstressed blood volume, whereas venous compliance was unaffected. These in vivo studies indicate that AVT increases venous tone, thereby mobilizing blood from the unstressed compartment into the stressed compartment. This increases PVEN, which increases venous return and helps maintain, or slightly elevate, cardiac output. This, combined with an elevated RG and slightly elevated systemic resistance (RS), increases both PVA and PDA; however, the rise in PDA is mitigated by a disproportionate increase in RG relative to RS. In vitro, the effects of AVT are consistent with in vivo responses. AVT increased vascular resistance in the perfused gill and perfused trunk and contracted isolated vascular rings from both rainbow and steelhead trout. The general order of sensitivity of isolated vessels to AVT was (in decreasing order): anterior cardinal vein, celiacomesenteric artery, ductus Cuvier, efferent branchial artery, ventral aorta and coronary artery. Extracellular Ca2+ accounted for over 70 % of the tension in the AVT-contracted efferent branchial artery, but only 57 % of the tension in the anterior cardinal vein. Vascular AVT receptor sensitivity (EC50) in vitro ranged from 0.3 to 6 nmol l-1 and was similar to the estimated ED50 for the dose-dependent increase in PDA in vivo (approximately 1 nmol l-1). AVT was not inotropic in paced ventricular rings nor did it exhibit vasorelaxant activity in perfused organs or vascular rings. These results show that AVT is a potent vasoconstrictor in trout and that its two primary cardiovascular targets are the systemic veins and the branchial vasculature.

The Contractile Properties of the M. Supracoracoideus In the Pigeon and Starling: a Case for Long-axis Rotation of the Humerus

The Journal of Experimental Biology. Dec, 1997  |  Pubmed ID: 9359888

Wing upstroke in birds capable of powered flight is kinematically the most complicated phase of the wingbeat cycle. The M. supracoracoideus (SC), generally considered to be the primary elevator of the wing, is a muscle with a highly derived but stereotyped morphology in modern flying birds. The contractile portion of the SC arises from a ventral sternum, but its tendon of insertion courses above the glenohumeral joint to insert on the dorsal surface of the humerus. To clarify the role of the SC during wing upstroke, we studied its contractile and mechanical properties in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and pigeons (Columba livia), two birds with contrasting flight styles. We made in situ measurements of isometric forces of humeral elevation and humeral rotation and, in addition, measured the extent of unrestrained humeral excursion during stimulation of the muscle nerve. We also generated passive and active length-force curves for the SC of each species. Stimulation of the SC at humeral joint angles of elevation/depression and protraction/retraction coincident with the downstroke-upstroke transition and mid-upstroke produced substantially higher forces of long-axis rotation than elevation. When the humerus was allowed to move (rotate/elevate) during stimulation, we observed rotation about its longitudinal axis of up to 70-80 degrees , but humeral elevations of only 40-60 degrees above the horizontal (as measured in lateral view). In the active length-force experiments, we measured mean (+/-s.d.) maximal tetanic forces of 6.5+/-1.2 N for starlings (N=4) and 39.4+/-6.2 N for pigeons (N=6), unexpectedly high forces approximately 10 times body weight. The working range of the SC in both species corresponds to the ascending limb (but not the plateau) of the active length-force curve. The potential for greatest active force is high on the ascending limb at joint angles coincident with the downstroke-upstroke transition, a time when the humerus is depressed below the horizontal and rotated forward maximally. As the SC shortens to counterrotate and elevate the humerus during early upstroke, the potential for active force at shorter lengths declines at a relatively rapid rate. These findings reveal that the primary role of the SC is to impart a high-velocity rotation of the humerus about its longitudinal axis, which rapidly elevates the distal wing. This rapid twisting of the humerus is responsible for positioning the forearm and hand so that their subsequent extension orients the outstretched wing in the parasagittal plane appropriate for the subsequent downstroke. We propose that, at the downstroke-upstroke transition, variable levels of co-contraction of the M. pectoralis and SC interact to provide a level of kinematic control at the shoulder that would not be possible were the two antagonists to work independently. The lack of a morphologically derived SC in Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous birds precluded a high-velocity recovery stroke which undoubtedly limited powered flight in these forms. Subsequent evolution of the derived SC capable of imparting a large rotational force to the humerus about its longitudinal axis was an important step in the evolution of the wing upstroke and in the ability to supinate (circumflex) the manus in early upstroke, a movement fundamental to reducing air resistance during the recovery stroke.

Low Molecular Weight Heparin and Radical Prostatectomy: a Prospective Analysis of Safety and Side Effects

Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. Dec, 1997  |  Pubmed ID: 12496924

We prospectively analyzed the safety of the perioperative use of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for prophylaxis of thromboembolic complications after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). Seventy-three consecutive patients received Enoxaparin, a LMWH compound one hour before RRP and then every twelve hours until hospital discharge. A mean of seven doses of LMWH were administered. A comparison was made with a control group of eighty-nine patients undergoing RRP without anticoagulant prophylaxis. Estimated blood loss was 515+/-215 cc with LMWH patients and 611+/-471 cc in controls. Total drain output was a mean of 318 cc with LMWH and 300 cc in controls. Seven percent of patients treated with enoxaparin developed a wound or operative site hematoma or lymphocele compared with none in the control group. LMWH appears to be a relatively safe means of prophylaxis for thrombo-embolic complications after RRP with no apparent increase in intraoperative bleeding or postoperative drainage. However, postoperative hemorrhagic complications or lymphocele formation are slightly increased. LMWH should be considered for prophylaxis of thromboembolic complications in high risk individuals but the associated morbidity does not support its routine use.

Letters: Certification Program Overlooked

Environmental Science & Technology. Aug, 1997  |  Pubmed ID: 21650402

Peer Reviewed: Are Toxics Release Inventory Reductions Real?

Environmental Science & Technology. Aug, 1998  |  Pubmed ID: 21650902

Questions from the Audience

European Journal of Dermatology : EJD. Oct, 1998  |  Pubmed ID: 10387960

As part of the "Recurring Genital Warts" seminar at 6th Congress of European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, audience members had the opportunity to question the speakers further about their clinical research. Issues raised focused mainly on the clinical efficacy, side effects and recurrence of imiquimod as an immune modifier, and about its potential future application. The questions and answers from this session are presented here.

Proteinchip(R) Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption/ionization (SELDI) Mass Spectrometry: a Novel Protein Biochip Technology for Detection of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers in Complex Protein Mixtures

Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. Dec, 1999  |  Pubmed ID: 12497173

Improving early detection, diagnosis, treatment monitoring and prognosis of cancer will require rapid and high throughput detection, identification, and measurement of multiple biomarkers. In this study, we demonstrate the versatility of the innovative SELDI ProteinChip(R) MS technology for the rapid, reproducible and simultaneous identification of four well-characterized prostate cancer-associated (PCA) biomarkers, prostate specific antigen (free and complexed forms), prostate specific peptide, prostate acid phophatase and prostate specific membrane antigen in cell lysates, serum and seminal plasma. Proteins corresponding to the mass of these biomarkers could readily be captured and detected using either chemically defined or antibody coated ProteinChip(R) arrays. Several (yet to be identified) proteins were found upregulated in cell lysates of pure populations of PCA cells procured by laser capture microdissection (LCM) when compared with mass spectra of normal cell lysates. Coupling LCM with SELDI provides tremendous opportunities to discover and identify the signature proteins associated with each stage of tumor development. Collectively, these observations demonstrate the potential of SELDI for the discovery and simultaneous detection of and clinical assay development for PCA biomarkers in complex biological mixtures.

Peer Reviewed: Environmental Sleuth at Work

Environmental Science & Technology. Nov, 1999  |  Pubmed ID: 21657475

A combination of technical approaches and forensic tools can determine historic causes, timing, and impacts of site contamination.

Product Reviews: State-of-the-Art Mercury CEMs

Analytical Chemistry. Jul, 1999  |  Pubmed ID: 21649142

New technologies for continuous monitoring of mercury emissions from hazardous and mixed-waste incineration.

Evaluation of Immobilized Redox Indicators As Reversible, in Situ Redox Sensors for Determining Fe(III)-reducing Conditions in Environmental Samples

Talanta. Oct, 2001  |  Pubmed ID: 18968417

An in situ methodology based on immobilized redox indicators has been developed to determine when Fe(III)-reducing conditions exist in environmental systems. The redox indicators thionine (Thi, formal potential at pH 7 (E(7)(0')) equals 66 mV), toluidine blue O (TB, E(7)(0')=31 mV), and cresyl violet (CV, E(7)(0')=-75 mV) have been immobilized to 40-60 mum agarose beads via an amine-aldehyde coupling reaction. These beads were packed into a flow cell to allow spectrophotometric monitoring of the redox state of simple solutions and wastewater slurries pumped from in a bioreactor. Fe(II), a product of microbial activity, at levels observed in real systems reduces both the free (non-immobilized) and immobilized redox indicator to different degrees for samples with pH 6.5 or higher. At pH 7, immobilized Thi and TB are significantly reduced at Fe(II) concentrations greater than 0.1 and 0.3 mM, respectively. CV, with the lowest formal potential, requires Fe(II) levels in excess of 10 mM. The degree of reduction of the indicators (i.e. the fraction of indicator oxidized) observed during titrations can be qualitatively modeled with a simple equilibrium model based on ferrihydrite or lepidocrocite as the Fe(III)-solid phase. The reversibility of Fe(II)-indicator reactions was also demonstrated by showing that the reduced indicator becomes re-oxidized when Fe(II) levels decrease.

Development of a Nanoindenter for In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy

Microscopy and Microanalysis : the Official Journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada. Nov, 2001  |  Pubmed ID: 12597795

In situ transmission electron microscopy is an established experimental technique that permits direct observation of the dynamics and mechanisms of dislocation motion and deformation behavior. In this article, we detail the development of a novel specimen goniometer that allows real-time observations of the mechanical response of materials to indentation loads. The technology of the scanning tunneling microscope is adopted to allow nanometer-scale positioning of a sharp, conductive diamond tip onto the edge of an electron-transparent sample. This allows application of loads to nanometer-scale material volumes coupled with simultaneous imaging of the material's response. The emphasis in this report is qualitative and technique oriented, with particular attention given to sample geometry and other technical requirements. Examples of the deformation of aluminum and titanium carbide as well as the fracture of silicon will be presented.

[Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cord Blood Transplantation in Children]

Jornal De Pediatria. Sep-Oct, 2001  |  Pubmed ID: 14647838

OBJECTIVE: To review the indications, main steps and complications of bone marrow transplantation in children. SOURCES: Medline-based literature review. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: We comment about the indications of autologous, allogeneic and syngeneic bone marrow transplantation, donor selections, harvest and infusion of the hematopoietic progenitor cells that will reconstitute the hematopoietic and immune systems. We describe the different conditioning regimens and the new sources of cells, such as cord blood. We also describe the most common events after the procedure, including infections, graft versus host disease, and cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal complications. The late effects and their impact on quality of life are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Bone marrow transplantation does not confer an absolutely normal life span to all the patients; however, it represents the only chance of cure for children with certain neoplastic or immunological diseases. By knowing the steps of the procedure, pediatricians can be a source of information on bone marrow transplantation to the patients and their families.

[Applications of Videolaparoscopic Surgery in Children]

Jornal De Pediatria. Sep-Oct, 2001  |  Pubmed ID: 14647846

OBJECTIVES: To present the videolaparoscopies performed by the Childreńs Surgery Service, and study the main indications for pediatric laparoscopic surgeries, considering advantages and disadvantages over conventional open procedures. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 612 videolaparoscopies in children aged between 8 days and 17 years treated from November/95 to 2000. Basic principles of videolaparoscopy and the postoperative management of several pediatric diseases are described. The results, advantages, and complications were analyzed after a 5-year follow-up period. RESULTS: Laparoscopic surgery allowed for a wide series of abdominal procedures conventionally carried out through open surgery, mainly for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, inflammatory acute abdomen, adhesive intestinal obstruction, biliary lithiasis, tumors, cryptorchidism, ovarian diseases, splenectomies, aganglionosis, trauma and others. Morbidity was low (1%), and mortality due to laparoscopy was nonexistent. Conversion to laparotomy occurred in only 14 cases (2.3%), mainly because of trauma. The principal advantages included minimal surgical trauma, pain and reflex ileum, short hospital stay, almost no incisional hernias and better cosmetic scars. CONCLUSIONS: Videolaparoscopy seems to be a great advance in modern pediatric surgery, allowing safer and less invasive treatment of a wide series of abdominal diseases at all pediatric ages.

[Does Drug Therapy in the Postpartum Period Interfere with Breastfeeding Recommendations?]

Jornal De Pediatria. Jan-Feb, 2002  |  Pubmed ID: 14647813

OBJECTIVE: To study the frequency of medication use in the immediate postpartum period and to evaluate possible effects on breastfeeding. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 2,173 women that gave birth in four hospitals in Belo Horizonte, a city in the southeast of Brazil, between July 1998 and July 1999. The sample was calculated by means of the data obtained from the Citýs Health Department according to the number of labors made in these four hospitals in 1995, which amounts to approximately 5% of the total number that usually occurs within a year. Women were randomized according to the calendar of epidemiological weeks. The interviews consisted of a questionnaire through which information about breastfeeding and sociodemographic data were obtained. In addition, the data were collected from motherś and newbornś medical records. The drugs were classified according to their compatibility and incompatibility with breastfeeding, and were monitored as to the possible adverse effects on newborn infants. RESULTS: 2,090 (96.2%) of 2,173 women received drug therapy in the immediate postpartum period. Among the drugs used, 2,054 (98.3%) were not contraindicated for breastfeeding; 338 (16.2%) did not contain safe information, and 3 (0.14%) were contraindicated. CONCLUSIONS: Although drug therapy was widespread among the mothers followed up at these four hospitals, there seems to be no influence on breastfeeding. Fortunately, most prescribed drugs did not interfere with motherś and infantś health.

Video Analysis of Sensory-motor Features in Infants with Fragile X Syndrome at 9-12 Months of Age

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Oct, 2005  |  Pubmed ID: 16172809

This study utilized retrospective video analysis to distinguish sensory-motor patterns in infants with fragile X syndrome (FXS) (n = 11) from other infants [i.e., autism (n = 11), other developmental delay (n = 10), typical (n = 11)] at 9-12 months of age. Measures of development, autistic features, and FMRP were assessed at the time of entry into the study. Home videos collected from families were edited and coded with previously validated procedures. Findings revealed a pattern of sensory-motor features (e.g., repetitive leg movements, posturing, less sophistication/repetitive use of objects) associated with FXS, and suggest these infants were most similar to the group of infants with other developmental delays, irrespective of co-existing autistic symptoms later in life. Infant sensory-motor features in the FXS group were more predictive of an early developmental milestone (i.e., age walking) than later, more broad, developmental outcomes, or FMRP. Implications for early identification and differential diagnosis are discussed.

Ultrafast Structural Rearrangements in the MLCT Excited State for Copper(I) Bis-phenanthrolines in Solution

Journal of the American Chemical Society. Feb, 2007  |  Pubmed ID: 17256860

Ultrafast excited-state structural dynamics of [Cu(I)(dmp)(2)](+) (dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) have been studied to identify structural origins of transient spectroscopic changes during the photoinduced metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) transition that induces an electronic configuration change from Cu(I) (3d(10)) to Cu(II) (3d(9)). This study has important connections with the flattening of the Franck-Condon state tetrahedral geometry and the ligation of Cu(II)* with the solvent observed in the thermally equilibrated MLCT state by our previous laser-initiated time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (LITR-XAS) results. To better understand the structural photodynamics of Cu(I) complexes, we have studied both [Cu(I)(dmp)(2)](+) and [Cu(I)(dpp)(2)](+) (dpp = 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) in solvents with different dielectric constants, viscosities, and thermal diffusivities by transient absorption spectroscopy. The observed spectral dynamics suggest that a solvent-independent inner-sphere relaxation process is occurring despite the large amplitude motions due to the flattening of the tetrahedral coordinated geometry. The singlet fluorescence dynamics of photoexcited [Cu(I)(dmp)(2)](+) were measured in the coordinating solvent acetonitrile, using the fluorescence upconversion method at different emission wavelengths. At the bluest emission wavelengths, a prompt fluorescence lifetime of 77 fs is attributed to the excited-state deactivation processes due to the internal conversion and intersystem crossing at the Franck-Condon state geometry. The differentiation between the prompt fluorescence lifetime with the tetrahedral Franck-Condon geometry and that with the flattened tetrahedral geometry uncovers an unexpected ultrafast flattening process in the MLCT state of [Cu(I)(dmp)(2)](+). These results provide guidance for future X-ray structural studies on ultrafast time scale, as well as for synthesis toward its applications in solar energy conversion.

Unimolecular Reactions of Vibrationally Excited CF2ClCHFCH3 and CF2ClCHFCD3: Evidence for the 1,2-FCl Interchange Pathway

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. Mar, 2007  |  Pubmed ID: 17388315

Chemically activated CF2ClCHFCH3 and CF2ClCHFCD3 molecules were prepared with 94 kcal mol-1 of vibrational energy by the recombination of CF2ClCHF and CH3(CD3) radicals at room temperature. The unimolecular reaction pathways were 2,3-FH(FD) elimination, 1,2-ClF interchange and 1,2-ClH elimination; the interchange produces CF3CHClCH3(CF3CHClCD3) with 105 kcal mol-1 of vibrational energy. Rate constants for CF2ClCHFCH3 [CF2ClCHFCD3] were (3.1+/-0.4)x10(6) s-1 [(1.0+/-0.1)x10(6) s-1] for 2,3-FH [FD] loss, (1.5+/-0.2)x10(6) s-1 [(8.3+/-0.9)x10(5) s-1] for 1,2-ClF interchange, and (8.2+/-1.0)x10(5) s-1 [(5.3+/-0.6)x10(5) s-1] for 1,2-ClH [DCl] loss. These correspond to branching fractions of 0.55+/-0.06 [0.43+/-0.04] for 2,3-FH [FD] loss, 0.29+/-0.03 [0.35+/-0.04] for 1,2-ClF interchange, and 0.16+/-0.02 [0.22+/-0.02] for 1,2-ClH [ClD] loss. Kinetic-isotope effects were 3.0+/-0.6 for 2,3-FH [FD] loss, 1.6+/-0.3 for 1,2-ClH loss, and 1.8+/-0.4 for 1,2-ClF interchange. The CF3CHClCH3 (CF3CHClCD3) molecules formed by 1,2-FCl interchange react by loss of HCl [DCl] with rate constants of (5.6+/-0.9)x10(7) s-1 [(2.1+/-0.4)x10(7)] s-1 for an isotope effect of 2.7+/-0.4. Density functional theory was employed to calculate vibrational frequencies and moments of inertia for the molecules and for the transition-state structures. These results were used with RRKM theory to assign threshold energies from comparison of computed and experimental unimolecular rate constants. The threshold energy for ClF interchange is 57.5 kcal mol-1, and those for HF and HCl channels are 2-5 kcal mol-1 higher. Experiments with vibrationally excited CF2ClCF2CF3, CF2ClCF2CF2Cl, and CF2ClCF2Cl, which did not show evidence for ClF interchange, also are reported.

Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules Charge-charge Flux-dipole Flux Models for the Infrared Intensities of X(2)CY (X = H, F, Cl; Y = O, S) Molecules

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A. Aug, 2007  |  Pubmed ID: 17616111

The molecular dipole moments, their derivatives, and the fundamental IR intensities of the X2CY (X = H, F, Cl; Y = O, S) molecules are determined from QTAIM atomic charges and dipoles and their fluxes at the MP2/6-311++G(3d,3p) level. Root-mean-square errors of +/-0.03 D and +/-1.4 km mol(-1) are found for the molecular dipole moments and fundamental IR intensities calculated using quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) parameters when compared with those obtained directly from the MP2/6-311++G(3d,3p) calculations and +/-0.05 D and 51.2 km mol(-1) when compared with the experimental values. Charge (C), charge flux (CF), and dipole flux (DF) contributions are reported for all the normal vibrations of these molecules. A large negative correlation coefficient of -0.83 is calculated between the charge flux and dipole flux contributions and indicates that electronic charge transfer from one side of the molecule to the other during vibrations is accompanied by a relaxation effect with electron density polarization in the opposite direction. The characteristic substituent effect that has been observed for experimental infrared intensity parameters and core electron ionization energies has been applied to the CCFDF/QTAIM parameters of F2CO, Cl2CO, F2CS, and Cl2CS. The individual atomic charge, atomic charge flux, and atomic dipole flux contributions are seen to obey the characteristic substituent effect equation just as accurately as the total dipole moment derivative. The CH, CF, and CCl stretching normal modes of these molecules are shown to have characteristic sets of charge, charge flux, and dipole flux contributions.

A Hydrogen Clathrate Hydrate with Cyclohexanone: Structure and Stability

Journal of the American Chemical Society. Aug, 2007  |  Pubmed ID: 17629272

Mechanisms of Electron Transfer in Two Decaheme Cytochromes from a Metal-reducing Bacterium

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B. Nov, 2007  |  Pubmed ID: 17939701

In this report, we analyze and interpret single-molecule current-voltage (I-V) tunneling spectra collected for two decaheme c-type cytochromes using a scanning tunneling microscope. The cytochromes (OmcA and MtrC) are outer-membrane proteins from the metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis and function as metal-reducing enzymes. Although the two cytochromes are similar in heme count, charge-carrying amino acid content, and molecular mass, their I-V spectra are significantly different. The I-V spectra for OmcA show smoothly varying symmetric exponential behavior. These spectra are well fit by a coherent tunneling model that is based on a simple square barrier description of the tunneling junction. In contrast, the I-V spectra for MtrC have significant breaks in slope in the positive tip bias range. Two large peaks in the normalized differential conductance spectra of MtrC were fit to a tunneling model that accounts for the possibility of transient population of empty states stabilized by vibrational relaxation. Reorganization energies deduced for the two features are similar to those normally assigned to metal centers in other metalloproteins. Work function measurements of the cytochrome films were used to convert the energies of these two spectral features to the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) scale for comparison with the redox potential domain previously measured by protein film voltammetry, which showed good correspondence. We conclude that MtrC mediates tunneling current by discretely resolved heme orbital participation at -81 and -365 mV versus NHE. The difference in tunneling behavior between OmcA and MtrC suggests distinct physiological functions for the two cytochromes; in contrast to OmcA, MtrC appears to be tuned to a specific operating potential.

2-(4,5,6,7-Tetrafluorobenzimidazol-2-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1- H-imidazole-3-oxide-1-oxyl, a Hydrogen-bonded Organic Quasi-1D Ferromagnet

Journal of the American Chemical Society. Jan, 2008  |  Pubmed ID: 18069832

The title radical (F4BImNN) is a stable nitronylnitroxide that forms hydrogen-bonded NH... ON chains in the solid state. The chains assemble the F4BImNN molecules to form stacked contacts between the radical groups, in a geometry that is expected to exhibit ferromagnetic (FM) exchange based on spin polarization (SP) models. The experimental magnetic susceptibility of F4BImNN confirms the expectation, showing 1-D Heisenberg chain FM exchange behavior over 1.8-300 K with an intrachain exchange constant of Jchain/k = +22 K. At lower temperatures, ac magnetic susceptibility and variable field heat capacity measurements show that F4BImNN acts as a quasi-1-D ferromagnet. The dominant ferromagnetic exchange interaction is attributable to overlap between spin orbitals of molecules within the hydrogen-bonded chains, consistent with the SP model expectations. The chains appear to be antiferromagnetically exchange coupled, giving cusps in the ac susceptibility and zero field heat capacity at lower temperatures. The results indicate that the sample orders magnetically at about 0.7 K. The magnetic heat capacity ordering cusp shifts to lower temperatures as external magnetic field increases, consistent with forming a bulk antiferromagnetic phase below a Néel temperature of TN(0) = 0.72 K, with a critical field of Hc approximately 1800 Oe. The interchain exchange is estimated to be zJ/k congruent with (-)0.1 K.

Genes Influencing Susceptibility to Infection

The Journal of Infectious Diseases. Jan, 2008  |  Pubmed ID: 18171277

Renin Inhibition Reduces Hypercholesterolemia-induced Atherosclerosis in Mice

The Journal of Clinical Investigation. Mar, 2008  |  Pubmed ID: 18274671

The role of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in atherosclerosis is complex because of the involvement of multiple peptides and receptors. Renin is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of all angiotensin peptides. To determine the effects of renin inhibition on atherosclerosis, we administered the novel renin inhibitor aliskiren over a broad dose range to fat-fed LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice. Renin inhibition resulted in striking reductions of atherosclerotic lesion size in both the aortic arch and the root. Subsequent studies demonstrated that cultured macrophages expressed all components of the RAS. To determine the role of macrophage-derived angiotensin in the development of atherosclerosis, we transplanted renin-deficient bone marrow to irradiated Ldlr(-/-) mice and observed a profound decrease in the size of atherosclerotic lesions. In similar experiments, transplantation of bone marrow deficient for angiotensin II type 1a receptors failed to influence lesion development. We conclude that renin-dependent angiotensin production in macrophages does not act in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Furthermore, in vitro studies demonstrated that coculture with renin-expressing macrophages augmented monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Therefore, although previous work suggests that angiotensin peptides have conflicting effects on atherogenesis, we found that renin inhibition profoundly decreased lesion development in mice.

Bioanalytical Methods for the Determination of Antipsychotic Drugs

Biomedical Chromatography : BMC. Jul, 2008  |  Pubmed ID: 18344205

Antipsychotic drugs are popular for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychoses. In general, antipsychotics are administered in oral doses of only a few milligrams per day and they are widely metabolized in the body. Therefore, the concentration of these drugs in plasma is very low (pg-ng/mL levels). In addition, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antipsychotic drugs has proven to be of notable value for determining poor compliance of patients and addressing the challenges associated with considerable genetic variability in their metabolism. Thus, in order to conduct pharmacology and toxicology studies and clinical TDM of antipsychotics, as well as address the challenges associated with polypharmacy and drug metabolism, highly sensitive, selective and accurate bioanalytical methods are essential. The most recent studies on the determination of antipsychotics will be reviewed, including separation techniques, sample pretreatment, detectors and validation.

[A Survey of the Management of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms As Practised by French Neuroradiological and Neurosurgical Teams]

Journal of Neuroradiology. Journal De Neuroradiologie. May, 2008  |  Pubmed ID: 18420274

The lack of consensus in the management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA) has resulted in a variety of different clinical practices. The aim of this study is to analyze these different practices.

Modulation of Transcription Parameters in Glucocorticoid Receptor-mediated Repression

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. Nov, 2008  |  Pubmed ID: 18583028

Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) affect both gene induction and gene repression. The disparities of receptor binding to DNA and increased vs. decreased gene expression have suggested significant mechanistic differences between GR-mediated induction and repression. Numerous transcription factors are known to modulate three parameters of gene induction: the total activity (Vmax) and position of the dose-response curve with glucocorticoids (EC50) and the percent partial agonist activity with antiglucocorticoids. We have examined the effects on GR-mediated repression of five modulators (coactivators TIF2 [GRIP1, SRC-2] and SRC-1, corepressor SMRT, and comodulators STAMP and Ubc9), a glucocorticoid steroid (deacylcortivazol [DAC]) of very different structure, and an inhibitor of histone deacetylation (trichostatin A [TSA]). These factors interact with different domains of GR and thus are sensitive topological probes of GR action. These agents altered the Vmax, EC50, and percent partial agonist activity of endogenous and exogenous repressed genes similarly to that previously observed for GR-regulated gene induction. Collectively, these results suggest that GR-mediated induction and repression share many of the same molecular interactions and that the causes for different levels of gene transcription arise from more distal downstream steps.

Excited-state Relaxation Dynamics of Re(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes with Macrocyclic Phenanthroline Ligands Studied by Time-resolved IR Spectroscopy

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003). May, 2009  |  Pubmed ID: 19440592

Two sets of supramolecular rhenium carbonyl-phenanthroline complexes were prepared: fac-[Re(Cl)(CO)(3)(N,N)] and fac-[Re(Etpy)(CO)(3)(N,N)](+), where N,N is 2,9-di-anisyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dap) or two related macrocyclic ligands, where the two anisyl groups are connected by a polyether chain of different length and rigidity (m27, m30), which wraps around and above the equatorial Re(CO)(2) group. The excited-state character and relaxation dynamics of these complexes were investigated by picosecond time-resolved IR spectroscopy in the spectral region of C[triple bond, length as m-dash]O stretching vibrations, nu(CO). The results were interpreted with the aid of DFT and TD-DFT calculations of the molecular structures and electron-density redistribution upon excitation. [Re(Cl)(CO)(3)(phen-macrocycle)] in CH(2)Cl(2) have the same type of lowest excited state as analogous acyclic phen or bpy complexes, that is a mixed Re(CO)(3)-->phen and Cl-->phen MLCT/XLCT, together with some pipi*(phen) IL character. Its relaxation dynamics are qualitatively similar to those of phen or bpy complexes. However, relaxation of [Re(Cl)(CO)(3)(m30)] shows a slow kinetics component ( approximately 22 ps) which arises from confined local solvent molecules and/or from conformational movements of the flexible m30 polyether ring. In contrast, attaching anisyl groups at the 2 and 9 phen positions in [Re(Etpy)(CO)(3)(phen-macrocycle)](+) effectively "freezes" excited-state relaxation in MeCN, regardless of the presence of the macrocyclic ring. The lowest excited triplet state has a mixed MLCT/IL character. Restricting the solvent access to the excited chromophore clearly affects both the character and dynamics of the lowest excited state.

SOX2 is an Amplified Lineage-survival Oncogene in Lung and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Nature Genetics. Nov, 2009  |  Pubmed ID: 19801978

Lineage-survival oncogenes are activated by somatic DNA alterations in cancers arising from the cell lineages in which these genes play a role in normal development. Here we show that a peak of genomic amplification on chromosome 3q26.33 found in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the lung and esophagus contains the transcription factor gene SOX2, which is mutated in hereditary human esophageal malformations, is necessary for normal esophageal squamous development, promotes differentiation and proliferation of basal tracheal cells and cooperates in induction of pluripotent stem cells. SOX2 expression is required for proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of lung and esophageal cell lines, as shown by RNA interference experiments. Furthermore, ectopic expression of SOX2 here cooperated with FOXE1 or FGFR2 to transform immortalized tracheobronchial epithelial cells. SOX2-driven tumors show expression of markers of both squamous differentiation and pluripotency. These characteristics identify SOX2 as a lineage-survival oncogene in lung and esophageal SCC.

Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm: Coming of Age

World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. Oct, 2010  |  Pubmed ID: 21160834

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is a disease in evolution. Since its first description almost 30 years ago, a better understanding of the disease has steadily accrued. Yet, there are numerous challenges still for clinicians who treat this fascinating disease. A group of leading content experts on IPMN was assembled and charged with presenting cutting-edge knowledge on various topics for which they have considerable experience. This manuscript provides an historical perspective of both clinical and biological quandaries that have been resolved to date. Furthermore, it poses new avenues for investigation while highlighting the contributions of the various authors to this collective review.

Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm and the Pancreatic Incidentaloma

World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. Oct, 2010  |  Pubmed ID: 21160837

Asymptomatic pancreatic lesions (APL) are a commonly encountered problem in today's pancreatic surgical practices. Current literature regarding etiologies and incidence of APLs, particularly intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), is presented. APLs constitute a wide spectrum of pathology (solid/cystic, benign/premalignant/malignant) but, overall, IPMN is now the most common diagnosis. The Sendai Guidelines and their function as a basis for risk stratification in branch duct IPMN are presented. The importance of traditionally analyzed cyst characteristics including size, presence of mucin or nodules and cyst fluid aspirate as indicators of malignancy is emphasized, noting also the potential correlation of main duct dilatation, thickened septae and elevated cyst fluid CEA with increased risk of malignancy. Current complication rates after resection of APLs are reviewed and found to be generally equivalent to those for symptomatic resections. A potential multidisciplinary treatment strategy is offered considering the costs of surgery versus repeated imaging or follow up endoscopy for these lesions. The decision for intervention is ultimately based on the Sendai Guidelines in the context of the individual patient.

Spontaneous Rupture of Hepatic Hemangiomas: A Review of the Literature

World Journal of Hepatology. Dec, 2010  |  Pubmed ID: 21191518

Hepatic hemangiomas are congenital vascular malformations, considered the most common benign mesenchymal hepatic tumors, composed of masses of blood vessels that are atypical or irregular in arrangement and size. Hepatic hemangiomas can be divided into two major groups: capillary hemangiomas and cavernous hemangiomas These tumors most frequently affect females (80%) and adults in their fourth and fifth decades of life. Most cases are asymptomatic although a few patients may present with a wide variety of clinical symptoms, with spontaneous or traumatic rupture being the most severe complication. In cases of spontaneous rupture, clinical manifestations consist of sudden abdominal pain, and anemia secondary to a haemoperitoneum. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy can also occur. Haemodynamic instability and signs of hypovolemic shock appear in about one third of cases. As the size of the hemangioma increases, so does the chance of rupture. Imaging studies used in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas include ultrasonography, dynamic contrast-enchanced computed tomography scanning, magnetic resonance imaging, hepatic arteriography, digital subtraction angiography, and nuclear medicine studies. In most cases hepatic hemangiomas are asymptomatic and should be followed up by means of periodic radiological examination. Surgery should be restricted to specific situations. Absolute indications for surgery are spontaneous or traumatic rupture with hemoperitoneum, intratumoral bleeding and consumptive coagulopathy (Kassabach-Merrit syndrome). In a patient presenting with acute abdominal pain due to unknown abdominal disease, spontaneous rupture of a hepatic tumor such as a hemangioma should be considered as a rare differential diagnosis.

Structural and Ultrastructural Changes in the Lungs of Cats Felis Catus (Linnaeus, 1758) Experimentally Infected with D. Immitis (Leidy, 1856)

Veterinary Parasitology. Mar, 2011  |  Pubmed ID: 21324593

Clinical signs are seldom observed in feline heartworm disease, and the pathophysiological changes in the lungs of infected animals remain undefined. The goal of this study was to evaluate the structural and ultrastructural changes in the lungs of cats experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Six healthy cats were each infected with two adult heartworms by intravenous transplantation (Receptor Group, RG). The control group consisted of two uninfected animals kept under the same conditions as the RG. At 42 days after transplantation, all cats were euthanized and necropsied for worm recovery and collection of lung samples for examination by light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy. By LM, lung sections from the six infected cats exhibited bronchial and bronchiolar lesions. Alterations in all tissues of the pulmonary arteries were observed in the infected animals. In conclusion, cats infected experimentally with D. immitis developed lesions in their lungs as a consequence of arterial disease and intense interstitial pneumonia.

Progenitor Cells As Remote "bioreactors": Neuroprotection Via Modulation of the Systemic Inflammatory Response

World Journal of Stem Cells. Feb, 2011  |  Pubmed ID: 21607132

Acute central nervous system (CNS) injuries such as spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and ischemic stroke are associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and health care costs worldwide. Preliminary research has shown potential neuroprotection associated with adult tissue derived stem/progenitor cell based therapies. While initial research indicated that engraftment and transdifferentiation into neural cells could explain the observed benefit, the exact mechanism remains controversial. A second hypothesis details localized stem/progenitor cell engraftment with alteration of the loco-regional milieu; however, the limited rate of cell engraftment makes this theory less likely. There is a growing amount of preclinical data supporting the idea that, after intravenous injection, stem/progenitor cells interact with immunologic cells located in organ systems distant to the CNS, thereby altering the systemic immunologic/inflammatory response. Such distant cell "bioreactors" could modulate the observed post-injury pro-inflammatory environment and lead to neuroprotection. In this review, we discuss the current literature detailing the above mechanisms of action for adult stem/progenitor cell based therapies in the CNS.

How Should Addiction-Related Research at the National Institutes of Health Be Reorganized?

Frontiers in Psychiatry / Frontiers Research Foundation. 2011  |  Pubmed ID: 21629835

Involvement of Autophagy in Alcoholic Liver Injury and Hepatitis C Pathogenesis

World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG. May, 2011  |  Pubmed ID: 21633655

This review describes the principal pathways of macroautophagy (i.e. autophagy), microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy as they are currently known to occur in mammalian cells. Because of its crucial role as an accessory digestive organ, the liver has a particularly robust autophagic activity that is sensitive to changes in plasma and dietary components. Ethanol consumption causes major changes in hepatic protein and lipid metabolism and both are regulated by autophagy, which is significantly affected by hepatic ethanol metabolism. Ethanol exposure enhances autophagosome formation in liver cells, but suppresses lysosome function. Excessive ethanol consumption synergizes with hepatitis C virus (HCV) to exacerbate liver injury, as alcohol-consuming HCV patients frequently have a longer course of infection and more severe manifestations of chronic hepatitis than abstinent HCV patients. Alcohol-elicited exacerbation of HCV infection pathogenesis is related to modulation by ethanol metabolism of HCV replication. Additionally, as part of this mechanism, autophagic proteins have been shown to regulate viral (HCV) replication and their intracellular accumulation. Because ethanol induces autophagosome expression, enhanced levels of autophagic proteins may enhance HCV infectivity in liver cells of alcoholics and heavy drinkers.

Contribution of Laboratory Methods in Diagnosing Clinically Suspected Ocular Toxoplasmosis in Brazilian Patients

Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. Jul, 2011  |  Pubmed ID: 21683267

This prospective study evaluated the value of laboratorial diagnosis in ocular toxoplasmosis analyzing peripheral blood samples from a group of Brazilian patients by immunologic and molecular methods. We analyzed blood samples from 184 immunocompetent patients with ocular disorders divided into 2 groups: Group I, composed of samples from 49 patients with ocular toxoplasmosis diagnosed by clinical features; Group II, samples from 135 patients with other ocular diseases. Samples were assayed by conventional polymerase chain reaction (cnPCR), real-time PCR (qPCR) for Toxoplasma gondii, indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IF), avidity test (crude tachyzoite lysate as antigen), and excreted-secreted tachyzoite proteins as antigen (ESA-ELISA). cnPCR and qPCR profiles were concordant in all samples. Positive PCR was shown in 40.8% of group I patients. The majority of the positive blood samples (75%) were taken from patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis scars, and the others (25%), from patients with retinal exudative lesions. Despite that 86 of the 135 patients from Group II had asymptomatic toxoplasmosis, all DNA blood samples had negative PCR. Concordant results were shown in the data obtained by serologic methods. Around 24% of the patients with ocular toxoplasmosis had high antibody titers determined by ESA-ELISA and IF. Anti-ESA antibodies are shown principally in patients with active infection. Collectively, these data demonstrate the presence of tachyzoites in the blood of patients with chronic infection, supporting the idea of recurrent disease. Circulating parasites in blood of immunocompetent individuals may be associated with the reactivation of the ocular disease.

Near-barrier Fusion of the �B + �⁸Ni Proton-halo System

Physical Review Letters. Aug, 2011  |  Pubmed ID: 21929233

Fusion cross sections were measured for the exotic proton-halo nucleus ⁸B incident on a ⁵⁸Ni target at several energies near the Coulomb barrier. This is the first experiment to report on the fusion of a proton-halo nucleus. The resulting excitation function shows a striking enhancement with respect to expectations for normal projectiles. Evidence is presented that the sum of the fusion and breakup yields saturates the total reaction cross section.

A Mathematical Model for Shortening Waiting Time in Pancreas-kidney Transplantation

World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. Aug, 2011  |  Pubmed ID: 22007279

To simulate a hypothetical increase of 50% in the number of pancreas-kidney (PK) transplantations using less-than-ideal donors by a mathematical model.

Spleen Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy in an Isolated Blunt Pancreatic Trauma

World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. Sep, 2011  |  Pubmed ID: 22007283

Blunt isolated pancreatic trauma is uncommon, accounting for 1%-4% of high impact abdominal injuries. In addition, its diagnosis can be difficult; physical signs may be poor and laboratory findings nonspecific, resulting in delayed treatment. Preserving the spleen during distal pancreatectomy (DP) is controversial. One of the spleen's functions regards immunity; complications following splenectomy include leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, overwhelming post splenectomy sepsis and some degree of immunodeficiency. This is why many authors favor its preservation. We describe a case of a young man with an isolated pancreatic trauma due to a blunt abdominal trauma with a delayed presentation who was treated with spleen-preserving DP and we discuss the value of this procedure with reference to the literature.

The Effect of Intensive Risk Factor Management in Type 2 Diabetes on Inflammatory Biomarkers

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. Oct, 2011  |  Pubmed ID: 22019270

AIMS: To determine whether intensive risk factor management reduced markers of inflammation in middle-aged and older people with type 2 diabetes who either had, or were at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and whether these effects were mediated by adiposity. METHODS: The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial was a multicenter double 2 by 2 factorial randomized controlled trial of 10,251 middle-aged and older people who had type 2 diabetes, a GHbA1c of 7.5% or greater, and evidence of CVD or CVD risk factors. Biomarkers were assessed in a subset of 562 participants. Intervention effects on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were tested using linear regression models. RESULTS: A significantly lower average hs-CRP was noted in the intensive versus the standard glycemic group (p=0.029). Adjusting for change in BMI or waist circumference resulted in larger differences in adjusted hs-CRP (p<0.001 and p<0.002, respectively) between the glycemic intervention groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive glycemic control was associated with a reduction in hs-CRP in this study population. Intervention associated increases in adiposity suppressed the beneficial effect of intensive glycemic control on lowering hs-CRP.

Cognitive Changes in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Before and Early Posttreatment: Differences Between Surgical and Endovascular

World Neurosurgery. Nov, 2011  |  Pubmed ID: 22120261

INTRODUCTION: The main purpose of occluding a ruptured aneurysm is preventing rebleeding, which may be fatal. Microsurgical or endovascular treatments are the main approaches adopted to prevent new bleeding. Among patients presenting with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, about 50% had permanent injuries. Cognitive changes are one of the main morbidities from that illness. The type of treatment for the aneurysm (clipping or coil embolization) can also contribute to the genesis of those complications. OBJECTIVE: Assessing language and verbal memory changes resulting from the aneurysmal lesion occlusion procedures, as well as establish which treatment offers less cognitive sequels. METHOD: This investigation was carried out in Hospital da Restauraão, Recife-PE, from May 2007 to November 2009. One hundred fifty-one patients were divided into two groups, surgical and endovascular, and had their language, fluency, and verbal memory functions tested at two time points, pre- and postoperation. The results of the initial assessment and of the one occurring after the treatment were compared, between both groups and to each other. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: One hundred fifty-one patients were assessed, distributed as 122 surgical and 29 coil embolized. The performances in both groups did not differ in the initial assessment. However, endovascular treatment does not show additional cognitive impairment and had a better performance in language and verbal memory, compared with patients submitted to surgical treatment in an early postoperative period.

Morphological Effects of Autoclaved Diet on the Myenteric Neurons of Rats

World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG. Nov, 2011  |  Pubmed ID: 22147981

To evaluate the effect of autoclaved diet on the jejunum neurons of the myenteric plexus of rats during their growth.

Practice Patterns for Oral Corticosteroid Burst Therapy in the Outpatient Management of Acute Asthma Exacerbations

Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. Dec, 2011  |  Pubmed ID: 22183118

The use of a short course of oral corticosteroids (OCS), or "steroid burst," is standard practice in the outpatient management of acute severe exacerbations of asthma. Despite published guidelines, the actual practice patterns are unknown. A Web-based survey about typical patterns of OCS administration and total steroid burst dose was administered to pulmonologists (n = 150), allergists (n = 150), primary care physicians (n = 153), and pediatricians (n = 150). No predominant dosing regimenwas observed, although a fixed single daily dose was the most commonly prescribed regimen (59%). The majority of physicians treating patients greater than or equal to 12 years of age prescribed a total burst dose of less than or equal to 200 mg and essentially all (99.7%) prescribed less than or equal to 600 mg. Among physicians treating younger children, approximately one-quarter prescribed less than or equal to 1 mg/kg per day for 3 days (27.8% forchildren aged 5-11 years of age and 28.1% for children aged less than 5 years, respectively) and essentially all prescribed less than or equal to 2 mg/kg per day for 10 days (99.8% for children aged 5-11 years and 100% for children aged less than 5 years of age). When prescribing OCS burst therapy for asthma exacerbations, physicians tend to prescribe less than the upper dose recommended in the guidelines; with many physicians prescribing a total steroid burst dose below the lower end of the recommended dose range. Additional study is needed to determine the optimal dose and duration for treating exacerbations of asthma with OCS to minimize both side effects and time to reestablishing asthma control.