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The Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE) is a peer reviewed, PubMed-indexed video journal. Our mission is to increase the productivity of scientific research.

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Adult: A person having attained full growth or maturity. Adults are of 19 through 44 years of age. For a person between 19 and 24 years of age, Young adult is available.
 JoVE Neuroscience

VisioTracker, an Innovative Automated Approach to Oculomotor Analysis


JoVE 3556 10/12/2011

1, 2, 2, 1

1Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 2TSE Systems GmbH

The VisioTracker is an automated system for the quantitative analysis of visual performance of larval and small adult fish based on the recording of eye movements. It features full control over visual stimulus properties and real-time analysis, enabling high-throughput research in fields such as visual system development and function, pharmacology, neural circuit studies and sensorimotor integration.

 JoVE General

Dissection of the Adult Zebrafish Kidney


JoVE 2839 8/29/2011

*, *,

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame

The zebrafish kidney is home to both renal and hematopoietic adult stem/progenitor cells, and represents an outstanding opportunity to study these cell types and their progeny in a vertebrate model organism. Here, we demonstrate a detailed dissection procedure that enables the researcher to identify and surgically remove the adult zebrafish kidney, which can be used for applications such as cell isolation, transplantation, and expression studies of kidney and/or blood cell populations.

 JoVE Neuroscience

Genetic Study of Axon Regeneration with Cultured Adult Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons


JoVE 4141 8/17/2012

1, 1,2

1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 2Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

An in vitro model for genetic study of axon regeneration using cultured adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons is described. The method includes a re-suspension/re-plating step to allow axon re-growth from neurons undergoing genetic manipulation. This approach is especially useful for loss-of-function studies of axon regeneration using RNAi-based protein knockdown.

 JoVE Neuroscience

Neural-Colony Forming Cell Assay: An Assay To Discriminate Bona Fide Neural Stem Cells from Neural Progenitor Cells


JoVE 2639 3/06/2011

1,2, 3, 1, 1, 1

1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, 2Department of Anatomical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 3STEMCELL Technologies, Inc.

This video protocol demonstrates how to discriminate and enumerate bona fide neural stem cells in a mixed population of neural precursor cells using the neural colony-forming cell assay.

 JoVE General

Stable Isotopic Profiling of Intermediary Metabolic Flux in Developing and Adult Stage Caenorhabditis elegans


JoVE 2288 2/27/2011

1,2, *1, *1, 1, 1, 1,2

1Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania

Stable isotopic profiling by gas chromatography mass spectrometric analysis of intermediary metabolic flux is described in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods are detailed for assessing isotopic enrichment in carbon dioxide, organic acids, and amino acids following isotope exposure either during development on agar plates or during adulthood in liquid culture.

 JoVE General

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster


JoVE 50068 1/07/2013

1, 1, 2, 1

1Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 2Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for exploring the molecular basis of longevity regulation. This protocol will discuss the steps involved in generating a reproducible, population-based measurement of longevity as well as potential pitfalls and how to avoid them.

 JoVE General

Preparation of Developing and Adult Drosophila Brains and Retinae for Live Imaging


JoVE 1936 3/15/2010

,

Department of Physiology and Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

This protocol describes three Drosophila preparations: 1) adult brain dissection, 2) adult retina dissection and 3) developing eye disc- brain complexes dissection. Emphasis is laid on special preparation techniques and conditions for live imaging, although all preparations can be used for fixed tissue immunohistochemistry.

 JoVE General

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster


JoVE 2242 7/18/2010

,

Department of Biology, University of Toronto

In insects, the oenocytes produce cuticular hydrocarbon compounds. These compounds protect against desiccation and facilitate chemical communication. Here we demonstrate a dissection technique used to isolate the oenocytes from adult Drosophila melanogaster, and illustrate how this preparation can be utilized to study genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis.

 JoVE General

Fluorescent Labeling of Drosophila Heart Structures


JoVE 1423 10/13/2009

1,2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1,2

1Biology Department, San Diego State University, 2Development and Aging Program, NASCR Center, The Sanford Burnham Institute for Medical Research

Here we describe a basic protocol for fluorescent labeling of different elements of heart tubes from larva and adult Drosophila melanogaster. These specimens are well-suited for imaging via fluorescent or confocal microscopy. This technique permits detailed structural analysis of the features of the hearts from a powerful model organism.

 JoVE Neuroscience

Assaying β-amyloid Toxicity using a Transgenic C. elegans Model


JoVE 2252 10/09/2010

1, 1,2

1Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 2Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado

The intensely studied nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans can be transgenically engineered to express the human β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). Induced expression of Aβ in C. elegans muscle leads to a rapid, reproducible paralysis phenotype that can be used to monitor treatments that modulate Aβ toxicity.

 JoVE General

Visualization of Caenorhabditis elegans Cuticular Structures Using the Lipophilic Vital Dye DiI


JoVE 3362 1/30/2012

,

Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine

We present a method to visualize cuticle in live C. elegans using the red fluorescent lipophilic dye DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), which is commonly used in C. elegans to visualize environmentally exposed neurons. With this optimized protocol, alae and annular cuticular structures are stained by DiI and observed using compound microscopy.

 JoVE Neuroscience

Organotypic Culture of Full-thickness Adult Porcine Retina


JoVE 2655 3/20/2011

1, 2, 2, 1

1Neurology and Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey - UMDNJ, 2Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey - UMDNJ

Here we describe a cost-effective technique for organotypic culture of adult porcine retina for seven days. Briefly, a sterile filter paper was used to lift the neural retina off from the RPE and place photoreceptor side up on an insert raised by a custom-made stand.

 JoVE General

Using the optokinetic response to study visual function of zebrafish


JoVE 1742 2/02/2010

, , , , ,

Laboratory of Neurodevelopment and Repair, Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, School of Life, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)

Optokinetic response has been widely used to assess the visual functions of larval zebrafish. Nevertheless, the standard protocol for larval fish is not yet readily applicable in adults1-5. Here, we introduce how to measure the OKR of adult zebrafish using a new protocol which is established in our lab.

 JoVE General

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation


JoVE 4019 6/10/2012

1,2, 1, 1,2, 1,2

1Department of Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, 2C. elegans Core Facility, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research

The easiness of maintaining and propagating the nematode C. elegans make it a nice model organism to work with. The possibility of synchronizing worms allows the work with a significant amount of subjects at the same developmental stage, what facilitates the study of one particular process in many animals.

 JoVE General

A Practical Approach to Genetic Inducible Fate Mapping: A Visual Guide to Mark and Track Cells In Vivo


JoVE 1687 12/30/2009

1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2

1Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, 2Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University

Genetic Inducible Fate Mapping (GIFM) marks and tracks cells with fine spatial and temporal control in vivo and elucidates how cells from a specific genetic lineage contribute to developing and adult tissues. Demonstrated here are the techniques required to fate map E12.5 mouse embryos for epifluorescent and explant analysis.

 JoVE General

Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila


JoVE 3162 10/01/2011

1, 2, 2, 1

1Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, 2Department of Zoology, Michigan State University

Morphological scaling relationships capture and describe organismal shape. We present a method to measure morphological scaling relationships across the natural range of body sizes in fully metamorphic insects. Using a simple diet manipulation we increase the distribution of trait sizes, permitting the accurate description of how shape and size co-vary.

 JoVE Neuroscience

Mapping and Application of Enhancer-trap Flippase Expression in Larval and Adult Drosophila CNS


JoVE 2649 6/03/2011

1, 1, 1, 1, 1,2, 1, 1, 1, 1

1Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma - Norman, 2Department of Biology, Brandeis University

We describe a Flippase-induced intersectional Gal80/Gal4 repression (FINGR) method, allowing tissue-specific FLP to determine Gal80 expression patterns. Wherever Gal4 and FLP overlap, Gal4 expression is turned on (Gal80 flipped out) or off (Gal80 flipped in). The FINGR method is versatile for clonal analysis and neural circuit mapping.

 JoVE Neuroscience

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas


JoVE 4347 11/14/2012

*, *, *, *, ,

Department of Biology, New York University

The Drosophila retina is a crystal-like lattice composed of a small number of cell types that are generated in a stereotyped manner 1. Its amenability to sophisticated genetic analysis allows the study of complex developmental programs. This protocol describes dissections and immunohistochemistry of retinas at three discrete developmental stages, with a focus on photoreceptor differentiation.

 JoVE Neuroscience

The Subventricular Zone En-face: Wholemount Staining and Ependymal Flow


JoVE 1938 5/06/2010

1, 2,3, 4, 2,5, 1

1Department of Neurosurgery, The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco - UCSF, 2Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 3Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 4Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 5Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University

The lateral ventricle walls contain the largest germinal region in the adult mammalian brain. Traditionally, studies on neurogenesis in this region have relied on classical sectioning techniques for histological analysis. Here we present an alternative approach, the wholemount technique, which provides a comprehensive, en-face view of this germinal region.

 JoVE General

Serial Enrichment of Spermatogonial Stem and Progenitor Cells (SSCs) in Culture for Derivation of Long-term Adult Mouse SSC Lines


JoVE 50017 2/25/2013

,

Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College

A simple method to derive and maintain spermatogonial stem and progenitor cell lines from adult mice is presented here. The method utilizes feeder cells originating from the somatic cell compartment of the adult mouse testis. This technique is applicable to common mouse strains, including transgenic, knock-out, and knock-in mice.

 JoVE General

Use of Time Lapse Microscopy to Visualize Anoxia-induced Suspended Animation in C. elegans Embryos


JoVE 4319 12/03/2012

, ,

Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas

Described here is an in vivo technique to image sub-cellular structures in animals exposed to anoxia using a gas flow through microincubation chamber in conjunction with a spinning disc confocal microscope. This method is straightforward and flexible enough to suit a variety of experimental parameters and model systems.

 JoVE Neuroscience

Establishing Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cell Culture Using the Neurosphere Assay


JoVE 2457 1/11/2011

1,2, 2, 2, 2, 2

1Department of Anatomical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, 2Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Florida

This video protocol demonstrates the application of the neurosphere assay for the isolation and expansion of neural stem cells from the ganglionic eminences of embryonic day 14-mouse brain.

 JoVE General

Osmotic Avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans: Synaptic Function of Two Genes, Orthologues of Human NRXN1 and NLGN1, as Candidates for Autism


JoVE 1616 12/11/2009

1,2, 1,2, 1,2

1Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 2Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)

Neurexins and neuroligins are membrane-neuron adhesion proteins which perform essential roles in synaptic differentiation and transmission. Neuroligin deficient mutants of C. elegans are defective in detecting osmotic strength, but when they also contain a mutation in the gene coding neurexin, they recover the wild type phenotype.

 JoVE Immunology and Infection

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks


JoVE 3894 2/21/2012

1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1

1Microbiology and Pathogenesis Activity, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2Tick-Borne Diseases Activity, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The collection of infected tick hemolymph, salivary glands, and saliva is important to study how tick-borne pathogens cause disease. In this protocol we demonstrate how to collect hemolymph and salivary glands from feeding Ixodes scapularis nymphs. We also demonstrate saliva collection from female I. scapularis adults.

 JoVE Neuroscience

Rapid Determination of the Thermal Nociceptive Threshold in Diabetic Rats


JoVE 3785 5/17/2012

1, 2, 2, 1

1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, 2Human Movement Laboratory, Universidade São Judas Tadeu

Here, we describe a rapid reliable and simple procedure to determine the lowest temperature at which rats or mice show nocifensive behavior, i.e. the thermal nociceptive threshold (TNT). This method applies a slowly increasing thermal stimulus allowing precise and reproducible estimation of TNTs with minimum, if any, stress to the animals.

 JoVE Neuroscience

Recording Electrical Activity from Identified Neurons in the Intact Brain of Transgenic Fish


JoVE 50312 4/30/2013

,

Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles

In this video, we will demonstrate how to record electrical activity from identified single neurons in a whole brain preparation, which preserves complex neural circuits. We use transgenic fish in which gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are genetically tagged with a fluorescent protein for identification in the intact brain preparation.

 JoVE General

Isolation and Kv Channel Recordings in Murine Atrial and Ventricular Cardiomyocytes


JoVE 50145 3/12/2013

1,2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,3

1Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité Medical Faculty and Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 2Medical Department, Division of Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 3Medical Department, Division of Cardiology and Angiology, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin

Kv channel dysfunction is associated with cardiac arrhythmias. In order to study the molecular mechanisms that lead to such arrhythmias we utilize a systematic protocol for isolation of atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes from Kv channel ancillary subunit knockout mice. Isolated cardiomyocytes can then immediately be used for cellular electrophysiological studies, biochemical or immunofluorescence (IF) assays.

 JoVE General

Measuring Fast Calcium Fluxes in Cardiomyocytes


JoVE 3505 11/29/2011

1, 2

1Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College, 2Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Stony Brook University

We present a method to isolate rapid (microsecond) calcium events from slower fluxes in living cells using laser scanning confocal microscopy. The method measures fluorescence intensity fluctuations of calcium indicators by recording line scans of several hundred pixels in a cell. Histogram analysis allows us to isolate the time scales of different calcium fluxes.

 JoVE Neuroscience

Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Acute Slices of the Adult Mouse Forebrain


JoVE 4061 9/12/2012

,

The Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Centre de Recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard

We describe a protocol for real-time videoimaging of neuronal migration in the mouse forebrain. The migration of virally-labeled or grafted neuronal precursors was recorded in acute live slices using wide-field fluorescent imaging with a relatively rapid acquisition interval to study the different phases of cell migration, including the durations of the stationary and migration phases and the speed of migration.

 JoVE Neuroscience

Simultaneous Intracellular Recording of a Lumbar Motoneuron and the Force Produced by its Motor Unit in the Adult Mouse In vivo


JoVE 4312 12/05/2012

,

Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

This new method permits the simultaneous intracellular recording of a single adult mouse motoneuron and the measurement of the force produced by its muscle fibers. The combined investigation of the electrical and mechanical properties of motor units in normal and genetically modified animals is a breakthrough for the study of the neuromuscular system.

 JoVE General

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos


JoVE 226 7/04/2007

,

Department of Development and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine (UCI)

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. Views of live cultures show cells 1 hour after plating and differentiated neurons after 2 days of growth in a bicarbonate-based defined medium. The neurons are electrically excitable and form synaptic connections.

 JoVE General

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster


JoVE 2722 6/30/2011

1, 2

1Department of Biology, State University of New York, 2Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut

Conserved insulin signaling pathways found in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster make this organism a potential tool for modeling metabolic disorders including type II diabetes. To this end, it is critical to establish physiological assays to effectively measure systemic insulin action in peripheral glucose disposal in the adult fly.

 JoVE General

Intranuclear Microinjection of DNA into Dissociated Adult Mammalian Neurons


JoVE 1614 12/10/2009

, , ,

Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Direct intranuclear injection of cDNA is an effective transfection technique for post-mitotic cells. This method provides high levels of heterologous protein expression from single or multiple cDNA constructs and enables protein function to be studied in a physiologically relevant environment with a variety of single cell assays.

 JoVE Neuroscience

Preparation of Mouse Brain Tissue for Immunoelectron Microscopy


JoVE 2021 7/20/2010

1, 2, 1

1Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester, 2Douglas Mental Health University Institute

We describe a protocol for transcardiac perfusion of mice, removal and sectioning of the brain, as well as immunoperoxidase staining, resin embedding, and ultrathin sectioning of the brain sections. Upon completion of these procedures, the immunostained material is ready for examination with transmission electron microscopy.

 JoVE Neuroscience

Isolation and Expansion of the Adult Mouse Neural Stem Cells Using the Neurosphere Assay


JoVE 2393 11/20/2010

1,2, 2, 2, 2

1 Department of Anatomical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida

This video protocol demonstrates the neurosphere assay method to generate and expand neural stem cells from the adult mouse periventricular region, and provides technical insights to ensure one can achieve reproducible neurosphere cultures.

 JoVE Neuroscience

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System


JoVE 2241 5/12/2011

*, *,

Department of Surgery, University of Toronto

Optic Nerve transection is a widely used model of adult CNS injury. Ninety percent of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) whose axons are completely transected (axotomy) die within 14 days after axotomy. This model is easily amenable to experimental manipulations and highly reproducible.

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