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Emergency Medicine and Critical Care

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Central Venous Catheter Insertion: Subclavian Vein

Overview

Source: James W Bonz, MD, Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

Central venous access is necessary in a multitude of clinical situations for hemodynamic monitoring, medication delivery, and blood sampling. There are three veins in the body that are accessed for central venous cannulation: the internal jugular, the subclavian, and the femoral vein.

Central venous access via the subclavian vein has several advantages over other possible locations. The subclavian central venous catheter (CVC) placement is associated with lower infection and thrombosis rate than internal jugular and femoral CVC. Subclavian line can be placed quickly using anatomic landmarks and are often performed in trauma settings when cervical collars obliterate the access to the internal jugular (IJ) vein. The most significant disadvantage of the subclavian access is the risk of pneumothorax due to the anatomic proximity to the dome of the lung, which lies just superficial to the subclavian vein. In addition, in the event of an inadvertent arterial puncture, the access to the subclavian artery is impeded by the clavicle, which makes it difficult to effectively compress the vessel.

Successful placement of the subclavian CVC requires good working understanding of the target vessel anatomy as well as fluidity in performing the Seldinger procedure (an introduction of the catheter into a vessel over the guide wire, which is inserted through a thin-walled needle). First, the subclavian vein is cannulated with an 18-gauge thin-walled needle. A guide wire is then passed thought the needle until it is appropriately positioned within the vessel. Next, the needle is removed, a dilator is passed over the wire to dilate the skin and soft tissue, and the catheter is passed over the wire until it is appropriately positioned within the vessel. Lastly, the guide wire is removed, and the catheter is sutured in place.

There are several types of CVC kits commonly available marketed by different manufacturers. CVCs may have a single lumen, a double lumen, or a triple lumen. For purposes of this discussion, we will place a triple-lumen CVC, as this is commonly needed when multiple different medications need to be delivered simultaneously. The procedure for placing any type of CVC is the same.

Procedure

1. Assemble the supplies including the CVC kit, sterile gown, sterile gloves, bonnet, mask, saline flushes, any special dressings or antibiotic barriers required at your institution. Commonly marketed CVC kits generally contain the central venous catheter (in this case a triple lumen catheter), a j-tip guide wire, a dilator, a #11 scalpel, an introducer needle, 1% lidocaine, several 3 and 5 mL syringes, several smaller needles (usually 20, 22, and 23 gauge), single straight-suture needle with suture, CVC clamp, dressing, gauze, drape, and chlorhexidine. The contents of the kit are enclosed in a sterile tray wrapped with a sterile cover.

2. Positioning

Place the patient supine with the feet elevated (Trendelenburg position) prior to the start of the procedure. This allows for maximal engorgement of the target vessel and helps to prevent the introduction of an air embolus. Many practitioners find it helpful to place a rolled-up towel under the medial portion of the patient's scapula to help accentuate the physical landmarks, although too much shoulder retraction may decrease the space between the clavicle and first rib, compressing the subclavian vein.

3. Preparation for the procedure

The right subclavian vein is generally preferred for the central venous access because of the presence of the thoracic duct and the higher pleural dome on the left side.

  1. Clean the area liberally with chlorhexidine solution, scrubbing vigorously for 60 seconds and allowing to dry for 30 seconds.
  2. Open the CVC kit.
    1. Open the flaps of the sterile wrapping by grabbing the non-sterile side of the wrap and opening outward. In this manner the contents of the kit and the exposed surface (inside surface) of the wrapping will remain sterile.
    2. Carefully drop the sterile ultrasound probe cover and saline onto the open sterile kit.
      1. Open the sterile ultrasound probe cover packaging so that the sterile contents drop cleanly onto the sterile field you have just created.
      2. When adding sterile saline to the sterile kit remember that most of the packaging that the sterile saline comes in will not be sterile. Therefore, just the saline should be added to the kit (the tray of the CVC kit has several plastic molded wells in which sterile saline may be squirted).
  3. Don mask, bonnet, sterile gown and gloves
  4. Drape the patient with the sterile drape
  5. Prepare the kit:
    1. Draw lidocaine into the syringe
    2. Prepare the guide wire. Initially the end portion of the guide wire advanced past the end of the sheath exposing the J curve (curled back). Retract the guide wire slightly within the sheath; this will allow the J curve to straighten and more easily feed into the introducer needle.
    3. Remove the cap of the central lumen (of a triple-lumen catheter) so that the wire can pass freely as you slide the catheter over the wire.
    4. Separate the contents of the kit for easy accessibility.

4. Seldinger procedure

The goal in accessing the subclavian vein is to pass the needle just underneath the clavicle, and cannulate the vessel at the point in which it passes between the clavicle and the first rib. The first rib acts as a barrier to the lung underneath.

  1. Identify the surface landmarks
    1. Using your non-dominant hand, place your index finger in the sternal notch.
    2. Use your thumb to identify the middle third of the clavicle; this is proximal to where the clavicle bends cephalad. The introducer needle will enter the skin one fingerbreadth below the medial portion of the middle third, and the trajectory is toward your index finger just above the sternal notch.
  2. Inject lidocaine into the skin, creating a wheal at the CVC insertion site (1-2 cm inferior to the clavicle transition point), and continue to anesthetize the soft tissues and down to the periosteum of the clavicle along the anticipated trajectory.
  3. Insert the introducer needle attached to an empty syringe at a 10° angle to the skin, aiming toward the sternal notch. The needle should graze the underside of the clavicle, passing toward the vessel where it is "sandwiched" between the clavicle and the first rib.
  4. Gently pull the plunger while inserting the needle until you are able to freely draw blood into the syringe (once the needle is within the subclavian vein)
  5. Carefully detach the syringe from the introducer needle without changing the depth at which the needle is positioned. The needle may be attached by Luer-lock (depending on kit used).
  6. Feed the guide wire into the needle to a depth of 15cm (noted by tick marks on the wire itself).
  7. Make a nick with the scalpel in the skin around the site of wire insertion and remove the needle from the guide wire, leaving the guide wire in place.
  8. Feed the dilator over the guide wire, and dilate the skin and soft tissues with a gentle rotating motion until the dilator is inserted to a depth of 2-3 cm.
  9. Remove the dilator, and feed the catheter over the guide wire completely. Remove the guide wire.
  10. Attach a syringe with sterile saline to a catheter, and pull the plunger back to verify free blood return
  11. Flush all ports with saline, and place appropriate caps on the Luer-lock ports.
  12. Use a two-part clamp to hold the catheter in place.
    1. Place the soft rubber part over the catheter at the point where the catheter enters the skin, and then place the hard piece over it, securing the clamp in the chosen position.
    2. Anesthetize the skin, and sew the clamp into place through the eyelets of the clamp.
  13. Place a sterile dressing in accordance with your medical facility's practice with regard to reducing catheter-related bloodstream infections.

5. Post-procedure

  1. Dispose of all sharps
  2. Obtain a chest X-ray to verify proper line placement and to rule out pneumothorax.

Central venous access via the subclavian vein has several advantages over other possible locations. First, the central venous catheter, or CVC, can be placed quickly using anatomic landmarks. Second, it can be performed in trauma setting when cervical collars obliterate the access to the internal jugular vein. And third, the rate of thrombosis and infection is lower than both internal jugular and femoral CVC.

This video will demonstrate the insertion of a subclavian CVC using the Seldinger technique.

First, gather the supplies necessary for the procedure, including: a CVC kit, sterile gloves and a sterile bundle that contains a mask, bonnet, gown, full body drape, sterile syringes, sterile saline, and dressings. A typical commercially available CVC kit contains: a catheter, a j-tip guide wire, a dilator, a #11 scalpel, an introducer needle, 1% Lidocaine, several syringes and smaller needles, a suture needle with suture, a CVC clamp, surgical dressing, gauze, and chlorhexidine. The contents are in a sterile tray, which is wrapped with a sterile cover.

Once the supplies have been collected, place the patient supine with their feet elevated - the Trendelenberg position. This position engorges the target vessel and helps decrease the risk of an air embolus. It may be helpful to place a rolled towel under the medial scapula to accentuate the physical landmarks. However, too much shoulder retraction may decrease the space between the clavicle and first rib, compressing the subclavian vein. Because of the presence of the thoracic duct and higher pleural dome on the left side, the right subclavian vein is generally preferred for venous access. The insertion site is just underneath the clavicle, at the point where the vein passes between the clavicle and the first rib. In this location, the first rib acts as a barrier to the lung underneath, helping prevent a pneumothorax.

The next step is to clean the area with chlorhexidine, scrubbing vigorously for 30 seconds, then allowing it to dry for 60 seconds. After this, open the CVC kit by grasping the non-sterile outer surface and unfolding the wrap outward, thereby keeping both the inner surface of the wrap and the contents of the kit sterile. Next, open the sterile bundle and put on the bonnet and mask. Then open the portion containing the gown, drape and sterile saline, and lay out the sterile gloves. If your institution does not use the sterile bundle, these items may need to be gathered separately and dropped onto your sterile field. When all of the supplies are open, put on the sterile gown and gloves and place sterile drapes around the patient's clavicle.

Now, prepare the contents of the kit, separating them to make them more accessible, and draw lidocaine into a syringe. Also, retract the guidewire slightly within the sheath to straighten out the J curve. Finally, flush the lumens of the catheter with saline and leave the distal lumen uncapped.

To identify the insertion site using surface landmarks, place your non-dominant index finger in the sternal notch. Then, with the thumb, identify the middle third of the clavicle, medial to where it bends cephalad. The insertion site of the introducer needle is one fingerbreadth below the medial portion of the middle third of the clavicle and the needle will be aimed towards the index finger, just above the sternal notch.

Inject lidocaine into the skin, creating a wheal at the insertion site, and anesthetize the surrounding soft tissues, down to the periosteum of the clavicle, along the anticipated trajectory. Next, attach an empty syringe to the introducer needle and insert the needle into the insertion site at a 10° angle to the skin, aiming towards the sternal notch. Advance the needle while pulling back on the plunger of the syringe. The needle should graze the underside of the clavicle and pass into the subclavian vein where it is sandwiched between the clavicle and the first rib. Insertion of the needle into the vein will be confirmed by aspiration of dark blood into the syringe. Once the needle is in the vein, remove the syringe, taking care not to change the depth and position of the needle. Blood return should be dark and non-pulsatile. Then feed the guidewire into the needle to a depth of 15 cm, as determined by marks on the wire.

With the wire in position, nick the skin at the insertion site with the scalpel, remove the introducer needle, and pass the dilator over the guidewire to a depth of 2 - 3 cm, gently rotating it to dilate the skin and soft tissues. Next, remove the dilator and pass the catheter over the guidewire to a depth of approximately 15cm in adult men. Then remove the guidewire. After that, attach a sterile syringe to the distal port of the catheter and aspirate to confirm blood return. Then flush the lumen with sterile saline. Repeat this step for each lumen on a double or triple lumen catheter.

To secure the catheter in the desired location, place a 2-part clamp around the catheter, anesthetize the skin, and suture the clamp to the skin through the eyelets. Finally, place a sterile dressing over the insertion site and dispose of all sharps according to the practices of the medical facility. Then obtain a chest x-ray to verify proper line position and to rule out a pneumothorax.

"Insertion of a central venous catheter in the subclavian vein is preferred by many practitioners because of the predictable anatomy of the target vessel rapidity of the procedure and low infection rate"

"The most significant disadvantage of the subclavian access is the risk of pneumothorax due to the anatomic proximity to the dome of the lung, which lies just deep to the subclavian vein. In addition, in the event of an inadvertent arterial puncture, the access to the subclavian artery is impeded by the clavicle, which makes it difficult to effectively compress the vessel."

"However, all of these risks can be minimized with the use of sterile precautions, knowledge of the anatomy, and fluidity with the Seldinger technique."

You have just watched a JoVE video on the placement of a subclavian central venous catheter. You should now have a better understanding of both the anatomical and technical considerations of this procedure. As always, thanks for watching!

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Applications and Summary

Subclavian vein placement for CVCs is preferred by many practitioners for the rapidity of the procedure, predictable anatomy of the target vessel, and reduced infection rate. Many neurosurgeons and neurocritical care specialists prefer the subclavian vein over the IJ vein due to the lower risk of CVC-associated thrombosis, which carries an additional and unnecessary risk in a patient with increased intracranial pressure (ICP).

As the other CVC placement procedures, subclavian CVCs carry the risk of systemic and local infections, thrombosis, arterial puncture, and bleeding. Since the external pressure cannot be applied to the subclavian artery in the event of accidental puncture, this location is less appealing to many practitioners. Additionally, subclavian vein access is associated with the highest rate of pneumothorax. However, these risks can be reduced with full-barrier sterile precautions, experience, excellent knowledge of the anatomy, and procedural fluidity in the Seldinger technique.

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Transcript

Tags

Central Venous Catheter Subclavian Vein CVC Insertion Seldinger Technique Anatomic Landmarks Trauma Setting Thrombosis Infection Supplies CVC Kit Sterile Gloves Sterile Bundle Mask Bonnet Gown Full Body Drape Sterile Syringes Sterile Saline Dressings Catheter J-tip Guide Wire Dilator Scalpel Introducer Needle Lidocaine Suture Needle Suture CVC Clamp Surgical Dressing Gauze Chlorhexidine Trendelenberg Position

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