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Modelo murino de isquemia Miembro Posterior

1, 1, 2, 1

1Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, 2Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Francisco

 

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Cite this Article: Modelo murino de isquemia Miembro Posterior

Niiyama, H., Huang, N. F., Rollins, M. D., Cooke, J. P. Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia . J. Vis. Exp. (23), e1035, doi:10.3791/1035 (2009).

Abstract: Modelo murino de isquemia Miembro Posterior

En los Estados Unidos, la enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP) afecta a alrededor de 10 millones de personas en todo el mundo y es también frecuente. Tratamientos médicos para el alivio sintomático son limitados. Intervenciones quirúrgicas o endovasculares son útiles para algunas personas, pero a largo plazo resultados suelen ser decepcionantes. Como resultado, existe una necesidad para el desarrollo de nuevas terapias para tratar la enfermedad arterial periférica. La preparación miembro posterior isquemia es un modelo murino de la PAD, y es útil para probar nuevas terapias. Cuando se compara con otros modelos de isquemia tisular, tales como la ligadura de la arteria coronaria o cerebral, ligadura de la arteria femoral establece un modelo más simple de los tejidos isquémicos. Otras ventajas de este modelo son la facilidad de acceso a la arteria femoral y la baja tasa de mortalidad.

En este video, se demuestra la metodología para el modelo murino de isquemia hindimb unilateral. Los materiales y procedimientos específicos para la creación y la evaluación del modelo se describe, incluyendo la evaluación de la perfusión de un miembro por láser Doppler. Este protocolo también puede ser utilizado para el trasplante y el seguimiento no invasivo de las células, lo cual es demostrado por Huang et al. 1.

Protocol: Modelo murino de isquemia Miembro Posterior

1. La inducción de isquemia Miembro Posterior Unilateral

  1. El instrumental quirúrgico necesario para esta operación son: pinzas finas puntas, pinzas de punta, tijeras de primavera, tijeras quirúrgicas, porta agujas, y el retractor. Hacemos nuestro propio retractor con un clip, ya que es más pequeño que los retractores disponibles en el mercado. Esterilizar las herramientas antes de la cirugía por un autoclave o esterilizador de calor de perlas. Una herramienta de cauterización y estéril bastoncillos de algodón señaló también serán necesarios para esta cirugía. Se recomienda que las herramientas de ser re-esterilizados en las puntas cuando sea necesario durante el procedimiento.
  2. Cuando los instrumentos están listos, coloque el ratón en la cámara de inducción de la anestesia que contiene un 1-3% de isoflurano en oxígeno al 100%, con un caudal de 1L/min.
  3. Deja el ratón en la cámara de inducción hasta que no responde a los estímulos externos. A continuación, retire el animal de la cámara de inducción. Se recomienda para eliminar la anestesia de la caja antes de abrir la tapa, para disminuir la exposición del operador con el isoflurano.
  4. A continuación, coloque el animal en decúbito supino sobre la mesa antes de la operación y conectarlo a un flujo continuo de isoflurano. Usando una máquina de afeitar eléctrica, eliminar el vello de las extremidades inferiores. Aplicar crema de depilación para eliminar completamente el cabello.
  5. Coloque el ratón en la posición de decúbito supino sobre una toalla envuelta con calefacción en la mesa de operaciones, y conectarlo a un flujo continuo de isoflurano. Ampliar y asegurar la extremidad posterior con un pedazo de cinta adhesiva. Una vez que el miembro posterior es segura, limpia la piel con tres alterna matorrales Betadine y alcohol. Para el resto del procedimiento quirúrgico, el uso de un microscopio de disección a 10X o 20X de aumento para obtener una vista ampliada de la región de las extremidades traseras.
  6. Con unas pinzas finas y tijeras quirúrgicas, hacer una incisión de la piel, de aproximadamente 1 cm de largo, desde la rodilla hacia el muslo.
  7. Utilizando tampón fosfato salino (PBS)-humedecido bien hisopos de algodón señaló, cepille suavemente el tejido graso subcutáneo que rodea el músculo del muslo.
  8. A continuación, aplicar el cauterio para incidir transversalmente y disecar a través del tejido graso subcutáneo para revelar la arteria femoral subyacente.
  9. Use un separador para abrir la herida y para obtener una mejor visión de los vasos de las extremidades inferiores.
  10. Con unas pinzas finas y un hisopo de algodón en punta, suavemente atravesar la vaina femoral membranosa para exponer el paquete neurovascular.
  11. Luego, utilizando un juego limpio de fórceps y un hisopo de algodón, analizar y separar la arteria femoral de la vena femoral y el nervio en la posición proximal cerca de la ingle. Después de la disección, pasar un hilo de sutura de seda 7-0 por debajo del extremo proximal de la arteria femoral. Ocluir la arteria femoral proximal con nudos dobles. Coloque el empate en el buque como proximal en la herida como sea posible a fin de dejar de longitud para el segundo empate y un segmento intermedio que se secciona.
  12. Separada de la arteria femoral de la vena femoral en la posición distal cerca de la rodilla. Pase un hilo de sutura de 7-0 por debajo del extremo distal de la arteria femoral proximal de la arteria poplítea. Ocluir el vaso con nudos dobles.
  13. Ocluir la arteria femoral distal con un segundo conjunto de nudos dobles proximal a la primera serie de nudos. Este segundo conjunto de puntos de sutura se utiliza para el agarre de la arteria durante el procedimiento de transacción.
  14. Del mismo modo, a los efectos de agarre, ocluir la arteria femoral proximal con un segundo conjunto de nudos dobles justo distal a la primera serie de nudos.
  15. Seccionar el segmento de la arteria femoral entre los nudos distales y proximales con un hisopo de algodón de punta fina y un par de tijeras de primavera. Tenga cuidado de no perforar la pared de la vena femoral.
  16. Retire el separador y cerrará la incisión con puntos de sutura Vicryl 5-0. Estas suturas no necesitan ser removidos en un momento posterior, ya que se disuelven por sí mismos.
  17. Una vez que se cierra la incisión, el lugar del animal en la parte superior de un cojín cubierto con calefacción en la jaula de recuperación y seguimiento de forma continua hasta que despierto.
  18. Después de animal se ha recuperado de una hora, continúe con el paso de láser Doppler perfusión de la sangre con el fin de confirmar la inducción de isquemia.

2. Laser Doppler perfusión de la sangre

  1. Para comenzar la etapa de láser Doppler perfusión, coloque el ratón en la cámara de inducción de la anestesia que contiene un 1-3% de isoflurano en oxígeno al 100%, con un caudal de 1L/min.
  2. Deja el ratón en la cámara de inducción hasta que no responde a los estímulos externos. A continuación, retire el animal de la cámara de inducción. Se recomienda para eliminar la anestesia de la caja antes de abrir la tapa, para disminuir la exposición del operador con el isoflurano.
  3. Colocar el animal sobre la mesa pre-operativos relacionados con el flujo continuo de isoflurano. A continuación, eliminar el vello de las extremidades inferiores con una afeitadora eléctrica seguida por la crema del retiro del pelo si es necesario.
  4. Después de quitar el pelo,Colocar el animal en una superficie de 37 ° C se calienta durante 5 minutos con un flujo continuo de isoflurano. Monitorear la temperatura del núcleo para asegurar euthermia, como los cambios de temperatura afectan notablemente la perfusión.
  5. Después de 5 minutos, coloque el animal en decúbito supino sobre una base no-reflectante que absorben la luz de superficie como de color verde de tela, conectado a un flujo continuo de isoflurano. Extender las extremidades posteriores.
  6. A continuación, encienda la impresora láser Doppler y la adquisición de software e inicializar el software. Especificar el tamaño del campo de visión y resolución. Lo mejor es mantener el campo de visión y la densidad de píxeles consistente entre los animales con el fin de realizar análisis en el futuro sea más fácil.
  7. Abra un archivo nuevo. Pulse inicio para comenzar a adquirir los datos de imagen. En general, la cámara detecta automáticamente la distancia con el ratón, pero si se le solicita, especifique la distancia del animal a la cámara. El láser se muestran los límites del campo de visión y luego iniciar la adquisición de datos.
  8. Después de la adquisición se haya completado, la imagen empieza a mostrar una gama de colores que indican el nivel de perfusión de la sangre a las piernas. Los colores se pueden establecer en un rango de perfusión específicas para una mejor comparación de datos entre los animales.
  9. Cuando la adquisición de datos, guarde el archivo.
  10. A continuación, devolver el animal a la jaula de recuperación y seguimiento de los animales continuamente hasta que despierto.
  11. Para analizar los datos, use el ajuste de umbral en el software de análisis para restar el ruido de fondo. Un umbral de 0,2 suele ser un valor razonable. Seleccione dos regiones de interés o rendimiento de la inversión, que cubren cada área de las extremidades traseras. Una variedad de puntos de referencia se pueden utilizar para normalizar el retorno de la inversión entre los miembros y los animales. A continuación, determinar el promedio de perfusión y la variabilidad en el retorno de la inversión. La diferencia de perfusión y la relación entre la perfusión de la extremidad isquémica y la integridad física de control entonces se puede determinar fácilmente.
  12. Este procedimiento se puede repetir para seguir los cambios en la perfusión de extremidades inferiores en el tiempo. En un momento de tiempo deseado, el animal puede ser sacrificado para la evaluación de la función del tejido y la comparación de datos de imágenes de perfusión.

3. Los resultados representativos:

La anatomía de la vasculatura extremidades inferiores se muestra en la Figura 1 2. Un esquema representativo de las extremidades inferiores después de la explantación arteria femoral se muestra en la Figura 2. Para confirmar la inducción de isquemia de las extremidades inferiores, láser Doppler de análisis de imágenes de perfusión demuestra una reducción drástica en el flujo de sangre a la extremidad isquémica, en comparación con la rama de control, como se muestra en la Figura 3.

Figura 1

Figura 1. Anatomía de la vasculatura extremidades inferiores. Los asteriscos indican la ubicación de la ligadura de la inducción de isquemia extremidades inferiores.

Imagen 2

Figura 2. Esquema representativo que muestra la anatomía de las extremidades inferiores después de la ligadura de la arteria femoral en los sitios proximal y distal después de la eliminación de la arteria femoral.

Figura 3

Figura 3. Laser Doppler imágenes que muestran el flujo de sangre antes y después de la inducción de isquemia de la extremidad posterior izquierda (indicado por la flecha).

Discussion: Modelo murino de isquemia Miembro Posterior

Hay algunas fuentes de variabilidad a considerar al planear y ejecutar modelos de isquemia extremidades inferiores. En primer lugar, el nivel de la isquemia puede variar de acuerdo a la ubicación de la ligadura con respecto a la de las ramas laterales. Por lo tanto, para mantener la coherencia del modelo, los animales deben ser sometidos a un mismo nivel de la ligadura arterial. Otra fuente de variabilidad en la recuperación isquémica está relacionada con la edad de los animales, con animales jóvenes (6-8 semanas de edad) que tengan más rápida y completa recuperación de las tasas que los animales mayores (8-10 meses), según la evaluación hemodinámica (es decir, láser Doppler perfusión) o funcionales (es decir, prueba de esfuerzo) las medidas. Para los estudios en los que uno está evaluando un agente angiogénico, puede ser preferible utilizar animales de más edad, debido a una mayor diferencia entre los grupos se pueden observar con una intervención terapéutica. Por el contrario, para los estudios en los que uno está evaluando un factor anti-angiogénico, puede ser preferible utilizar los animales más jóvenes para maximizar el efecto del tamaño de tres.

Si se realiza correctamente, debería haber un mínimo de complicaciones tales como sangrado, infección, o la mortalidad. Si se produce una hemorragia por la ruptura accidental de la vena femoral o de otros buques, una presión moderada con un algodón estéril con punta de aplicador o gasa debe ser aplicada en el sitio de la hemorragia hasta que el sangrado se detenga. Los animales que presenten signos de infección debe ser tratada con agentes anti-infecciosos. Los animales presentan gangrena significativa posible que tenga que beeuthanized. Esta complicación es más frecuente en los animales, y en algunas cepas, como los ratones BALB c 4. Además, el modelo de isquemia extremidades inferiores pueden causar dolor leve a moderado. Por lo tanto, los analgésicos como la buprenorfina o carprofeno se debe administrar como sea necesario para el tratamiento del dolor, de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la IACUC.

En conclusión, hemos demostrado un método simple y reproducible para el estudio de la PAD en un modelo murino de isquemia extremidades inferiores. El modelo de isquemia miembro posterior con láser Doppler de análisis de imágenes es un excelente sistema para el estudio de patologías vasculares y para la evaluación de candidatos terapéuticos.

Disclosures: Modelo murino de isquemia Miembro Posterior

Acknowledgements: Modelo murino de isquemia Miembro Posterior

Los autores agradecen a Andrea Axtell, Satoshi Itoh, MD, Velotta Jeff, MD, Hoyt Grant, Robert C. Robbins, MD, Yu Jin, MD, Tim Doyle, PhD, y el Stanford pequeño núcleo de imágenes de animales para la asistencia técnica. Los autores también agradecen AM Bickford, Inc. para el apoyo del equipo de veterinarios. Esta investigación fue financiada por becas de investigación de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (R01 HL-75774, R01 CA098303, R21 HL085743, 1K12 HL087746), el tabaco de California las enfermedades relacionadas con el Programa de Investigación de la Universidad de California (15IT-0257 y 0169-1514RT) , y el Instituto de Medicina Regenerativa de California (RS1-00183). NH es apoyado por una beca de la Asociación Americana del Corazón.

Materials: Modelo murino de isquemia Miembro Posterior

Name Type Company Catalog Number Comments
Surgical Tools Tool Fine Science Tools
Constix Cotton Swabs Tool Contec SC-4
Betadine (Povidone-iodine) Reagent PDI
70% alcohol Reagent Kendall
Phosphate Buffered Saline Reagent Invitrogen
7-0 silk suture Tool Genzyme
5-0 vicryl suture Tool Ethicon Inc.
Electric shaver Tool GE Healthcare
Cautery Tool Baxter Internationl Inc.
Laser Doppler and PeriScan PIM 3 System Equipment Perimed

References: Modelo murino de isquemia Miembro Posterior

  1. Huang, N.F., Niiyama, H., De, A., & Cooke, J.P. Transplantation and non-invasive tracking of embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells for treatment of hindlimb ischemia. JoVE (2008).
  2. Cook, M.J. The anatomy of the laboratory mouse. Academic Press, New York (1976).
  3. Niiyama, H., Kai, H., Yamamoto, T., Shimada, T., Sasaki, K., Murohara, T., Egashira, K., & Imaizumi, T. Roles of endogenous monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in ischemia-induced neovascularization. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44, 661-6 (2004).
  4. Dokun, A.O, Keum, S., Hazarika, S., Li, Y., Lamonte, G.M., Wheeler, F., Marchuk, D.A., & Annex, B.H. A quantitative trait locus (LSq-1) on mouse chromosome 7 is linked to the absence of tissue loss after surgical hindlimb ischemia. Circulation. 117, 1207-15 (2008).

Ask the Author: Modelo murino de isquemia Miembro Posterior

21 Comments

Is there really "8–10 months old" mice,in your discussion section ?

Or it should be 8–10 weeks old?

 

Thank you.

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Posted by: ChrisApril 16, 2009, 4:58 AM

Dear Chris,

As indicated in the discussion, we prefer using old mice (8-10 months old) to mimic the population of patients who tend to suffer from peripheral arterial disease (>60 years). Young mice (<8 weeks old) have a faster recovery rate than old mice (8-10 months old) and more easily recover without any therapeutic intervention.  Therefore, the fast recovery rate of young mice  may interfere with studies to assess the therapeutic effect of new treatments.

Thank you for your inquiry.

Sincerely,

Ngan Huang, PhD

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Posted by: Ngan HuangApril 16, 2009, 6:34 PM

We do observed the fast recovery rate of young mice.

Thank you for your answer, it help us a lot.

 

Thank you again!

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Posted by: ChrisApril 17, 2009, 3:24 AM

Dear Sir or Madam,
I study in University of Thessaly (Greece), department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology. I have to make a presentation about hindlimb Ischemia and your video above would help me a lot. So, I would like to know if there is any possibility to obtain this video. Thank you in advance for your time.
Yours faithfully,
Dimitriou Tilemachos

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Posted by: Dimitriou TilemachosMay 31, 2009, 9:55 AM

Dear Dimitriou Tilemachos,
You have the permission of the authors to use the video for your presentation as long as you cite this publication appropriately. However, you should contact the publisher for their permission as well. You can also contact the publisher for your request to obtain a copy of the video., as we do not have a copy of it.

Sincerely,
Ngan Huang, PhD

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Posted by: AnonymousMay 31, 2009, 6:41 PM

Do you believe that using laser doppler is really necessary to assure perfusion deficits and ischemia? Why not just traditional echo/doppler. We have echo, but not Laser Doppler and were hoping to do PAD studies in mice. Laser Doppler is great , but very expensive, and am not sure if we want to make this type of investment to study PAD in mice. What are your thoughts?

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Posted by: AnonymousAugust 24, 2009, 1:42 PM

Standard echo/doppler does not have the resolution to accurately assess conduit artery diameter and flow in the mouse.
Furthermore, after induction of hindlimb ischemia, flow is via collaterals that are too small to be imaged by standard echo/doppler.

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Posted by: AnonymousAugust 24, 2009, 4:56 PM

It is a excellent video and will help me a lot.
I want to know how long the ischemial will last in these age mice.

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Posted by: xiaohui z.August 29, 2009, 7:10 AM

Thanks for your nice comments. The ischemic deficit persists for at least 4 weeks in the older C57Bl mice. The ischemic deficit is even worse in Balb/c mice. See the paper by Dokun et al in Circulation 2008

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Posted by: John CookeAugust 29, 2009, 3:41 PM

Thank you for this article. It is very helpful. A few questions:
1. Why is it necessary to dissect out the artery? Why not just ligate the vein and artery together?
2. Why is it necessary to resect a section of vessel? Why not just place one ligature? Or if you want to place two, why not just cut the part in the middle without bothering to remove that segment? Thank you.

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Posted by: h shihJanuary 6, 2010, 8:53 PM

Regarding ligating the artery and vein together, what clinical condition are you trying to mimic? You might consider the paper by JT Shepherd published in Circulation in 1952. This is available at http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/6/2/281. "The calf blood flow has been studied in the human subject before and during acute occlusion of the common femoral artery and vein. The results suggest that the concomitant venous occlusion has a detrimental effect on the development of the collateral circulation."

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Posted by: Joe UnthankJanuary 9, 2010, 11:25 AM

The paper referred to by Joe Unthank is an old physiology paper that examined ACUTE occlusion of the femoral artery and vein in healthy young males. In this case, the residual blood flow is due to existing collateral circulation that has the capacity to vasodilate to increase flow. Occlusion of the vein in this case would be expected to increase venous pressures and thereby reduce nutritive flow. We are interested in changes in collateral conduit structure (eg. remodeling) and angiogenesis, which are responses to chronic occlusion, and which involve structural rather than functional alterations. Thank you for bringing to our attention this paper, which was written by my postdoctoral mentor JT Shepherd.

John Cooke, MD PhD

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Posted by: AnonymousJanuary 10, 2010, 11:51 AM

John, does not the decrease in nutritive flow with venous occlusion also reduce flow through the existing collateral circulation? I thought this was a major point in Shepherd's excellent paper. If so, then the increased flow/shear stress in the collaterals would not be as great as with arterial occlusion only and the hemodynamic stimulus for collateral luminal expansion would be reduced. In addition, would not the elevation of venous pressure and reduced flow be expected to increase the inflammatory response as more white cells adhere due to reduced flow? I would expect the combined femoral artery and vein excision to have an even greater effect than Shepherd observed on venous hemodynamics and induce conditions that likely do not exist with arterial occlusion alone. I think it is important to consider that the ligation or excision of the vein has additional consequences than its effect on nutritive flow.

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Posted by: Joe UnthankJanuary 13, 2010, 11:59 AM

Good points, I fully agree....

John Cooke, MD PhD

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Posted by: AnonymousJanuary 14, 2010, 10:41 AM

First of all I would like to thank you. I learned so much thing from this paper and video as resulted me a Ph.D degree. I watched many times the video how to do ischemic surgery.

My question is regarding for ischemia and angiogenesis. If the surgery done like ligation and excision of both femoral artery and vein. Does it have same effect with only artery ligation and excision? Which one should be done for ischemic condition and angiogenic development?

Thank you very much again
Mehmet Zeynel Cilek, Ph.D
Okayama University, Japan

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Posted by: Mehmet Zeynel CilekApril 20, 2011, 10:22 PM

This is an excellent publication. I would like to know if the authors can comment on the differences between the PeriMed PIM3 imaging system compared to the Moor LDI2 system, namely whether you achieve the same image resolution and whether quantitation of ROI is the similar. This will aid us in deciding on which system to use. Thanks

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Posted by: UNCpostDecember 2, 2010, 12:49 PM

I would be happy to provide this information, and further instrument comparison data.
Please feel free to contact me with any instrument-related queries.

Sam Pakvis
Perimed Inc
spakvis@perimed-instruments.com
702-987-4655

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Posted by: Sam Pakvis, Perimed Inc.August 24, 2011, 12:11 PM

We would also be pleased to offer any comparison data, along with an on-site demonstration of our application specific system if desired. Please let us know if you have any further questions and we'll be happy to help.

Moor Instruments, Inc.
sales@moorinc.com
302 798 7470

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Posted by: Moor InstrumentsFebruary 14, 2012, 9:19 AM

First of all I would like to thank you. I learned so much thing from this paper and video as resulted me a Ph.D degree. I watched many times the video how to do ischemic surgery.

My question is regarding for ischemia and angiogenesis. If the surgery done like ligation and excision of both femoral artery and vein. Does it have same effect with only artery ligation and excision? Which one should be done for ischemic condition and angiogenic development?

Thank you very much again
Mehmet Zeynel Cilek, Ph.D
Okayama University, Japan

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Posted by: Mehmet Zeynel C.April 24, 2011, 9:36 PM

Dear Mehmet,

I am the animal technician at the Cooke lab and Dr. Cooke has directed me to answer some of your questions. We would expect the excision and ligation of both the femoral artery and vein to have a similar effect to ligating and excising the femoral artery only, except that it would create more ischemia and necrosis. We find that ligating/excising the artery alone is sufficient to cause ischemia and actually preferable to ligating both, since there is a higher chance of the animal losing the entire limb or dying if the vein was excised as well. Ligating only the artery can also cause necrosis, but it is usually localized to the toes and sometimes foot.

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Posted by: JerryApril 25, 2011, 2:02 PM

Dear Dr. Cooke and Jerry,

Thank you very much for your answer. Really this answer helped me so much. Thanks again.

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Posted by: Mehmet Zeynel C.April 25, 2011, 8:15 PM

Thank you for an excellent, clear demonstration of this method. I have read through the comments and questions and could not find the response to a question that interested me. The question was: Why is it necessary to ressect a section of vessel? Why not just place one ligature? Or if you place two, why not just cut the part in the middle without bothering to remove that segment? It'd be great to have your response to these points. Thanks
Thanks.

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Posted by: MJCMay 30, 2011, 7:11 PM

Hi MJC,
We have studied blood flow recovery in mice after excision of the femoral artery as well as when the proximal and distal ends were ligated without excision. We find that ligation without excision leads to a much faster recovery in limb perfusion, sometimes reaching baseline within 2 weeks, presumably due to collateral blood flow. However, when the femoral artery is excised after ligation, the blood flow recovery after 2 weeks is generally only about 50-60% of baseline.

Regards,
Ngan Huang, PhD

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Posted by: Ngan HuangMay 31, 2011, 12:54 PM

Hi MJC,
To provide additional clarification, we have found this observation in blood flow recovery to be true of the C57BL6 and Nod SCID strains. We have not used BalbC mice, but they are purportedly more susceptible to limb loss after induction of hindlimb ischemia, and do not recover as well.

Regards,
Ngan Huang, PhD

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Posted by: Ngan HuangMay 31, 2011, 1:55 PM

Thank you for your fast response, that is really useful information. We have just started to use this model and were curious as to whether excision was necessary, but now we will continue to excise the vessel. Thanks again.

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Posted by: Melissa CudmoreMay 31, 2011, 6:46 PM

Dear authors,
This video is the most important and useful among all the resources a new phd student could find to do his research on PAD. Now coming to my question,
Q1. Among Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice which one do you think has a higher inflammation in ischemic limb?
Q2. On top of it which one do you think should give higher inflammatory response; increased collateral flow and shear stress (in case of artery ligation only) OR elevation of venous pressure and reduced blood flow (when ligate both artery and vein).
Sir/Ma'am, I am a new PhD student and appreciate your kind suggestion.
Warm regards
Vivek

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Posted by: vivek m.June 10, 2011, 1:08 AM

Dear Vivek,
We apologize for the delay in replying. We have not studied the inflammatory response between various strains. However, according to the literature, the collateral vasculature does vary between the Balb/c and C57 strains such that perfusion recovery is slower in Balb/c mice.

Regards,
Ngan Huang, PhD

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Posted by: Ngan HuangJune 26, 2011, 7:05 PM

First of all I would like to thank you. .

My question is regarding analgesia for transplantation of embryonic stem cell in a unilateral hindimb ischemia. I was suprised to fined so little reffrences regarding the appropriat analgesia. Can you recomemed wich analgesia (buprenorphine or carprofen ) will not interfere with the study.
Thank you very much

Tal Klein, D.V/M
Pharmaseedltd, Israel

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Posted by: tal kleinJuly 31, 2011, 5:50 AM

Hi Tal. Since carprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that can affect angiogenesis, we do not recommend using it for ischemia studies. Instead, we typically use lidocaine for analgesia.

Ngan Huang, PhD

Ngan Huang, PhD

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Posted by: Ngan HuangAugust 1, 2011, 8:05 PM

Hi Dr. Huang,

I really appreciate you and your colleagues doing this video. I have a question about the analgesia. How often do you administer lidocaine? I'm trying to get an idea of if "as needed means" once every few days or once every few hours.

Thanks!
Maggie Kuo

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Posted by: Maggie KuoOctober 27, 2011, 4:50 PM

Hey Maggie,

I'm the animal technician in charge of the hindlimb ischemia surgeries for the Cooke lab. We use lidocaine to temporarily relieve post-operative pain as a local anesthetic. These animals should be monitored constantly after surgery (approx. every ten minutes for an hour and hourly after that), and if you see the standard signs of distress like rough hair coat, curling in a hunched position, failure to eat/drink, etc., you should administer more lidocaine to the surgery site. But generally lidocaine will not be enough to reduce pain, and typically IACUC suggests the administration of an analgesic like buprenorphine daily for a week after surgery. You should check with the IACUC at your institution to see what analgesic they recommend and how often it should be administered.

Best,
Jerry

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Posted by: Jerry LeeOctober 27, 2011, 9:45 PM

Thanks for the very informative video. My question was also about analgesia. Do the animals generally experience much tissue necrosis, or limb loss as a result of this procedure? If a limb is heavily necrotic should it be amputated? Is it only necessary to closely monitor the animals and give extra analgesia in the week following surgery or is this sometimes necessary at later timepoints as the limb becomes progressively more necrotic? Thanks, John

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Posted by: John smithMarch 7, 2012, 12:38 PM

Dear John,

Necrosis and limb loss is more dependent on age and strain of animal; in C57s, there is typically no limb loss with some toe necrosis, but older animals (20 weeks+) can exhibit limb loss. Balb/c mice are known to have worse recovery than other strains. If the limb is heavily necrotic, your institution's veterinary services would probably suggest early euthanasia; I would check with them first. Extra analgesia can usually be given as needed, so if the limb becomes heavily necrotic you can consider giving more. But keep in mind that certain analgesics can affect angiogenesis -- again, I would check with your institution's veterinary services/IACUC.

Best,
Jerry

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Posted by: JerryMarch 7, 2012, 11:27 PM

Dear Dr. Huang:
Thank you very much for sharing this excellent video on HLI. Do you usually see linear correlation between the increase of blood flow, as measured by laser Doppler, and the functional recovery and/or ischemic clinical scores of the ischemic limb?
Thanks,
Moses Chen

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Posted by: Moses ChenMarch 8, 2012, 3:49 PM

Dear Moses,

The ischemic clinical scores are a very rough approach to assessing ischemia-induced disability. The perfusion can become quite low before any gangrene is observed. We have not correlated perfusion to gangrene, but it is likely that the more severe gangrene would be associated with more severe blood flow reduction.

Best,
Jerry

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Posted by: Jerry LeeMarch 26, 2012, 2:06 PM

Hi - Thanks for this incredibly informative publication. It can be difficult to access such specialised knowledge easily and this video has made it possible to see the whole procedure in a clear manner. I had a question with regard to choice of mouse strain for such a study. I have read the previous questions and comments on this page about BalBC vs C57s in terms of severity of ischemia. We need to use nude animals for our study. I have found it difficult to source nude C57s. Our current options seem to be Beige Nude, Athymic nude, BALB/c nude, NMRI nude and MF1 nude. Apparently the athymic nude is derived from a BALB/c so it may suffer the same harsh ischemia as the original strain. I have no idea about the other strains - most papers don't go into much detail about the strain they use (they just mention nude mice) so I am finding it hard to make a decision. If you had any suggestions or advice it would be most appreciated. Many thanks, John

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Posted by: John S.May 3, 2012, 6:41 AM

Hi - Thank you for such an informative publication. It can be difficult to easily access such specialised knowledge and this video makes the whole procedure very clear. I had a question about mouse strains for use with this model. I have read the previous comments about C57 vs BALB/c in terms of severity of ischemia. We have to use nude mice for our study. We are having a hard time sourcing nude C57s. The current options available to us are Beige nude, athymic nude, BALB/c nude, NMRI nude and MF1 nude. The athymic nude is derived from a BALB/c so might display the same poor recovery as this strain. I noticed that you had used NOD SCID mice before but we don't want to use a diabetic animal. Most papers I've read don't usually go into much detail of the strain of nude mouse they have used for their hindlimb ischemia experiments, but merely mention that they used nude mice. I was hoping you might have some input or suggestions with regard to the most appropriate strain to use to test a pro-angiogenic therapeutic - ie. a mouse that will display a suitable level of ischemia for the duration of a four week study. I think we only have access to relatively young animals also, so would their ability to recover rapidly also be an issue? Many thanks, John Smith

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Posted by: John S.May 3, 2012, 6:55 AM

Hi John,
In regards to immunodeficient mouse strains, we have not done extensive comparisons of the nude mice strains. We have found that Beige nude mice immediately after HLI reduces blood flow to about 25% of normal, but haven't fully characterized their perfusion recovery over time. We have not tried the other nude strains for comparison. We do have alot of experience working with NOD.SCID mice that are IL2receptor gamma deficient. Among SCID mice, this strain is supposed to be the most immunocompromised, so we typically use this strain for our studies in which human cells are delivered. If you're studies allow for the use of SCID mice, our recent publication (Rufaihah J et al. ATVB 2011) describes the temporal kinetics of perfusion recovery using this strain. Ultimately, the level of ischemia induction is somewhat dependent on the operator, so it would be worthwhile to characterize the level of flow reperfusion in your own hands.
Regards,
Ngan Huang

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Posted by: Ngan H.May 5, 2012, 1:35 PM

Hi, Thanks for the very nice work!
My question is: Will all the muscles of hind limb have ischemia after hind limb ligation?
Some papers used "adductor muscle". "Gastrocnemius muscle" was used in your paper: Rufaihah J et al. ATVB 2011. Is there big difference between these different muscles?
Thanks a lot!
Dong Wang

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Posted by: Dong W.October 15, 2012, 9:24 PM

Hello Dong,

Thank you for your comment. Not all of the muscles of the hind limb will have ischemia post ligation of the femoral artery. The leg is most ischemic below the knee and we do see some perfusion in the thigh region, when analyzed by the laser doppler.


For cell transplantation applications, a logistical consideration is the maximum allowable volume to be injected. This is when the different muscles become important. The gastrocnemius muscle is relatively small and can only accept a single injection of 30ul at most. In contrast, the muscles in the thigh can be injected multiple times for up to 200ul in total volume.

Thanks,
Arshi

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Posted by: Arshi J.November 7, 2012, 6:19 PM

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