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Mutagénesis dirigida casera de plásmidos enteros

1, 2

1Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany, 2Proteomics division, AlPlanta, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany

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Cite this Article: Mutagénesis dirigida casera de plásmidos enteros

Laible, M., Boonrod, K. Homemade Site Directed Mutagenesis of Whole Plasmids. J. Vis. Exp. (27), e1135, doi:10.3791/1135 (2009).

Abstract: Mutagénesis dirigida casera de plásmidos enteros

Mutagénesis dirigida de los plásmidos es toda una forma sencilla de crear variaciones ligeramente diferentes de un plásmido original. Con este método el objetivo de genes clonados pueden ser alterados por la sustitución, supresión o inserción de unas cuantas bases directamente en un plásmido. Funciona simplemente amplificando el conjunto del plásmido, en una reacción de termociclado no basados ​​en la PCR. Durante la reacción de primers mutagénicos, portadores de la mutación deseada, se integran en el plásmido de nueva síntesis. En este video tutorial se demuestra de una manera fácil y rentable para introducir sustituciones de bases en un plásmido. El protocolo trabaja con reactivos de referencia y es independiente de los kits comerciales, que a menudo son muy caros. La aplicación de este protocolo se puede reducir el costo total de una reacción a una octava parte de lo que cuesta utilizar algunos de los kits comerciales. En este vídeo también comentarios sobre los pasos críticos durante el proceso y dará instrucciones detalladas sobre cómo diseñar los primers mutagénicos.

Protocol: Mutagénesis dirigida casera de plásmidos enteros

Principio del método:

El sitio de mutagénesis dirigida de los plásmidos todo se explica en este video es un método de mutagénesis que le permite modificar un gen diana clonado por sustitución, supresión o inserción de unas cuantas bases directamente en un plásmido. Funciona mediante la amplificación de todo el plásmido, en una reacción de termociclado no basados ​​en la PCR. Durante la reacción de primers mutagénicos, portadores de la mutación deseada en forma de desajustes en el plásmido original, se integran en el plásmido de nueva síntesis. Después de la eliminación de la plásmido original de la reacción del plásmido mutado se transforma en E. coli. Los siguientes pasos son sólo para propósitos de revisión, porque la eficiencia de la mutación de este método no es 100%. Todo el procedimiento dura tres días, pero la parte principal se puede hacer en un día.

1.0 Primer día:

1.1 reacción termociclado:

Plásmido original: Este sitio de mutagénesis dirigida protocolo funciona mejor con plásmidos de hasta 10kb. Los plásmidos son más grandes un poco difícil de mutar con este método y puede tomar un poco de paciencia y ajuste de las condiciones de ciclos térmicos y / o las células competentes. Además, el plásmido que se trabaja con debe estar aislado de una presa + cepa de bacterias. Para la reacción de termociclado tendrá 10 a 60 ngs del plásmido desea mutar.

Cebadores: Antes de que pueda configurar su reacción termociclado usted tiene que tener su primers en la mano. Usted necesita cerca de 150 ng de cada cebador mutagénico. Esta bien, si se toma 1,5 l de una 1:10 pm 100 acciones diluidas. Hay algunas pautas sencillas que usted debe considerar al diseñar su primers mutagénicos:

  • Los cebadores deben ser complementarias entre sí
  • Los primers debe estar entre 25 y 45 nucleótidos de longitud
  • Las mutaciones en la forma de los desajustes que el plásmido original debe estar contenido en los dos primers
  • Los desajustes se deben centrar en el primer y flanqueado por al menos 8 nucleótidos en cada lado
  • Los primers deben tener un contenido de GC de al menos 40%
  • Los primers debe terminar cinco prime y prime 3 con uno o más Gs o C
  • Los primers no necesitan ser fosforilados, ni tampoco tienen que ser purificados o FPLC PAGE, simplemente desalinizada debe ser.
  • Para el cálculo de Tm no necesita ninguna fórmula, pero Tm en el certificado de envío debe ser superior a 60 ° C.
  • Para fines de selección es práctico para insertar o eliminar un sitio de restricción con la mutación. Debido a la degeneración del código genético hay muchas posibilidades para insertar un sitio de restricción con la mutación deseada. El sitio web de la Nueva Inglaterra Biolabs ofrece una herramienta para encontrar ese sitio de restricción apropiadas. Simplemente introduzca su primer secuencia de codificación de la secuencia de aminoácidos que desee, utilizando el código de la ambigüedad de ADN. La herramienta de búsqueda de la enzima le dirá que los sitios de restricción se pueden introducir en paralelo a la mutación deseada. Si usted no puede encontrar ningún sitio de restricción posible o práctico de esta manera, usted puede insertar cualquier nuevo sitio de restricción sin importar el código genético en el sitio de la mutación. A partir de entonces puede utilizar este plásmido como molde para una serie de mutaciones en el que se elimina la restricción de este sitio de la inserción de los primers mutagénicos nuevo. Este enfoque puede ser muy conveniente si usted está planeando hacer una serie de mutaciones en el mismo sitio del plásmido.

ADN-polimerasa: Para este método se necesita un ADN-polimerasa termoestable que exhibe 3'-5 'exonucleasa y crea extremos romos. Siempre usamos Pfu recombinante de la polimerasa de Fermentas. Si tienes problemas con los pasos de amplificación puede probar con una polimerasa de alta calidad, pero para la mayoría de los Pfu estándar será suficiente. Completar la reacción de la polimerasa con buffer de dNTPs, y el agua.

1.2 Condiciones de termociclado

El termociclador debe establecerse de la siguiente manera. La fase de desnaturalización inicial y recurrente está establecido en 30 segundos a 95 ° C.

La temperatura de hibridación de los primers no deben ser calculados con fórmulas complicadas. Por lo general, ajustar la temperatura de recocido a 55 ° C y el tiempo de recocido a un minuto. Para los primers de 25 a 30 nucleótidos que va a utilizar en su mayoría, esto funciona para nosotros el 95% del tiempo. De todos modos, si esto no funciona, simplemente tratar de variar la temperatura de hibridación entre el 50 - y 60 ° C.

La temperatura depende de la elongación de la polimerasa que utiliza. En esta demostración se utiliza el PFU-polimerasa de Fermentas, que llama a una temperatura de elongación de 72 ° C. El tiempo de elongación varía según el tamaño del plásmido. Siempre calculamos 1 minuto por cada kb, y añadir un minuto adicional para quetiempo. Por ejemplo, un plásmido 9kb nos volveríamos a elegir 10 minutos como tiempo de elongación.

18 ciclos son suficientes para crear suficiente plásmido mutado para el uso posterior. Mantener el número de ciclos de baja, también le ahorra tiempo.

Figura 1

1.3 Gelcheck después de la reacción termociclado

La amplificación de éxito debe ser revisado por la realización de una electroforesis. Inmediatamente después de la bicicleta ha terminado, carga de 5 l de la reacción en un 1% en gel de agarosa TAE. Si la ampliación se ha realizado correctamente, debería ver una banda distinta. Sin embargo, si la nueva síntesis de ADN no es claramente visible en el gel, se puede tratar de precipitar la reacción de todo y lo utilizan para la transformación en el siguiente paso. Para nosotros, esto rara vez ha trabajado, pero vale la pena darle una oportunidad. Lo mejor que puedes hacer si la reacción no funciona es para ajustar la temperatura de recocido.

1.4 DpnI la digestión:

Antes de la transformación del plásmido original que sirvió de plantilla debe ser removido de la reacción para evitar que gran experiencia. Esto se realiza mediante digestión de restricción con DpnI. Esta endonucleasa de restricción corta sólo metiladas plásmido. Su reconocimiento y su sitio de restricción es la secuencia GATC, mientras que A tiene que ser desnaturalizado. Durante la digestión con DpnI sólo el plásmido originales sin mutación que fue aislado de una presa + tensión se corta, el plásmido mutado nueva síntesis que no está metilado no se ve afectada por DpnI. Sólo tienes que añadir 2.1 l de DpnI a la reacción e incubar por lo menos una hora a 37 °. Cuando se utiliza el ayuno DpnI digerir el tiempo de incubación puede ser reducida a unos 15 minutos. La calidad de su DpnI y el tiempo de incubación de esta restricción de la digestión en gran medida determina la fortaleza de su fondo con el plásmido sin mutación será.

1.5 Transformación:

Después de la digestión del plásmido DpnI está listo para su transformación en las autoridades competentes E. células de E. coli. Sólo tienes que añadir 5 l de la reacción de digestión DpnI en las células competentes y llevar a cabo la transformación como se recomienda en su laboratorio. En nuestro caso usamos el procedimiento de golpe de calor mediante la incubación de la mezcla de bacterias plásmido en hielo durante 30 minutos y después de choque térmico es de 42 ° C durante 90 segundos. Después de la adición de 200 l SOC-solución, las bacterias se incuban, sacudiendo vigorosamente, a 37 ° C durante 1 h. Después de 1 hora la bacteria se colocan en la selección de los medios de agar.

2.0 El segundo día

2.1 Detección de clones parte 1: Selección de los clones

Debido a que la eficiencia de la mutación no es 100% que necesita para la detección de su mutantes. Hacemos esto por restricción de la digestión en el que se comprueba la presencia o ausencia del sitio de restricción que se agregan o eliminan mediante la integración de imprimación. Para ello se suelen recoger ocho colonias y hacerlas crecer durante la noche para la preparación de plásmido al día siguiente.

3.0 El tercer día

3.1 Detección de clones parte 2: restricción de la digestión con la enzima marcador

En el tercer día se realiza una preparación Mini y restricción de la digestión posterior con el marcador de la enzima. En el gel que se puede ver que uno de sus clones portadores de la mutación deseada y cuáles no.

El método de detección sistemática mediante restricción de la digestión funciona muy bien. Sin embargo, usted debe confirmar la mutación del éxito de la secuenciación.

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Discussion: Mutagénesis dirigida casera de plásmidos enteros

Mutagénesis dirigida es un método de mutagénesis, que proporciona una forma rápida de mutar un gen transportado por un plásmido. La reacción general se puede hacer en un solo día. Con este método, sólo necesitará un par de cebadores de cortesía llevar a las mutaciones deseadas y una revisión de la polimerasa como PFU-polimerasa. El plásmido de nueva síntesis se puede separar de los padres plásmido por digestión de la reacción con la enzima de restricción DpnI. Esta enzima digiere sólo el ADN metilado. Por lo tanto, sólo el plásmido de nueva síntesis se puede transformar. En este tutorial vamos a demostrar la realización de una mutagénesis dirigida mediante el uso de un kit de mutagénesis en casa. La ventaja de este kit es el ahorro de costes, mientras que la eficacia se mantiene. Los puntos críticos de este método son el primer diseño y la temperatura de recocido. En el caso de la nueva síntesis de ADN no se puede visualizar después de la electroforesis, que puede indicar el fracaso del método, se puede tratar de precipitar la reacción de todo y lo utilizan para la transformación de las bacterias. Sin embargo, la mejor manera de resolver este problema es tratar de optimizar la temperatura de hibridación o aumentar la longitud de la región constante de los cebadores. Además, usando una polimerasa de alta calidad o de enzimas de restricción también puede mejorar la sensibilidad de la reacción. Las células competentes también son un factor clave que afecta la successfulness de este método. Por lo tanto, las células de media (107 ADN ufc / g) o muy (109 ADN ufc / g) son preferibles competente.

Aunque en este tutorial no demostró la supresión o inserción utilizando el kit en casa, hemos tenido éxito en hacer esto en nuestro laboratorio. Hemos sido capaces de sustituir con éxito, insertar o borrar por lo menos tres bases al mismo tiempo.

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Disclosures: Mutagénesis dirigida casera de plásmidos enteros

Materials: Mutagénesis dirigida casera de plásmidos enteros

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Pfu polymerase (recombinant or native) Fermentas EP0571 or EP0501
dNTP mix 10 mM Fermentas R0191
DpnI or DpnI Fast digest Fermentas ER1701
primers Invitrogen desalted

References: Mutagénesis dirigida casera de plásmidos enteros

  1. Papworth, C, Bauer, JC, Braman, J, Wright, DA QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis. Strategies 1996, 9:3-4

Ask the Author: Mutagénesis dirigida casera de plásmidos enteros

16 Comments

I know your publication is not about a kit, but I was wondering if you can help me. Using a kit, I get through the amplification step with a product, but the transformation is unsuccessful. The control plasmid I use in every transformation (has not undergone amplification) gives positive results. I tried lengthening the extension time, yet still, no colonies. Do you have any idea what could be wrong? I've heard about duplication of primers during amplification. Do you think this could be the problem? Unfortunately, I don't have a restriction site where I need the mutation. Thank you for any help!

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Posted by: LeahJuly 23, 2009, 2:11 PM

Another reason why the transformation is not working, could be the size of your plasmid. With large plasmids we also have problems in transformation. Try using very high competent cells or even electroporation. Hope I could help you.

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Posted by: AnonymousJuly 31, 2009, 8:04 AM

Hi Leah, which kit are you using? Does it use the same principle as we use? There are other kits on the market where you have to perform ligation prior to transformation (Phusion kit from neb). You may also check if it actually is the right plasmid you are amplifiying by performing restriction digestion with it after amplification and comapre it to your input plasmid. Otherwise you could use your input plasmid as control plasmid in transformation to check if it gives colonies. To help you more, I need more information about the kit your using and any points were you vary from the original protocol.
Best wishes

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Posted by: MarkJuly 24, 2009, 4:56 PM

Mark, I was using a Stratagene Kit. I used my input plasmid as the transformation control, and that does give colonies. I gave up on the kit and tried your method. I get a few colonies, but now am not sure if the plasmid was mutated properly. It's a long and complicated discussion! I would type it if you have time to read it! :)

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Posted by: LeahOctober 6, 2009, 11:59 AM

Hi Leah, you can check your succesfull mutation by restriction digestion if you inserted or deleted the appropriate restriction sites with your mutagenic primers. If you are not able to introduce the sites together with your desired mutation you could first introduce a restriction site and then delete it by introducing your desired mutation. The introduction of a restriction site could then also serve as a control if the method is working. This would be the cheapest way. The easiest way would be to introduce your mutation without restriction marker and verify your successful mutation by sequencing of a number of colonies. When you choose this approach you could enhance the DpnI digestion to reduce background. However, you should always verify your mutation by sequencing before moving on with your experiments.
Feel free to type your problems up, I would be happy if I could help you. Best wishes

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Posted by: MarkOctober 8, 2009, 3:40 PM

Unfortunately, I can't insert a restriction site because the area I would like to mutagenize is in the replication region, in the antisense RNA region. I went ahead and tried again with different primers and over and over, I get no colonies after transformation. I use about 60ng DNA, I have varied the annealing temp, tried longer extension times. Maybe I'm not using enough dNTPs? I'm pretty terrible at some of the math regarding concentration. :) I have a 40mM stock that I've been taking .5uL and putting it in a 50uL reaction. Should I be using 1uL? I'm also wondering if maybe the added mutations cause so much of a difference in the RNA that it can't function and thus, cannot be established in a cell? I'm getting minimal help from my lab, so any insight would be very much appreciated.

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Posted by: AnonymousNovember 6, 2009, 2:59 PM

Hi Leah, do I understand you right, your region of intrest lies in the origin of replication of the plasmid? If your region of intrest is not essential for plasmid maintainence you can try to mutate it and create a restriction site as a positive control. This one you can then mutate to your desired sequence, then using the absence of the restriction site as assay for succesful mutation. If your region of intrest is in the origin of replication and does not allow any big changes you could verify your mutation by sequencing. Regarding the dNTPs, polymerases usually require a concentration of 200µM or lower per dNTP. So just take 1µL of a 10mM dNTP mix for a 50µL reaction. Do you get a product on the gel after the reaction, check 5µL on a gel, you should see a distinct band. You may also try using electroporation for transformation, or try a different polymerase (proofreading, non strand displacing and producing blunt ends). Hope this helps you. Good luck.

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Posted by: MarkNovember 11, 2009, 1:04 PM

Hello,
I was wondering if you need to do ligation with this protocol.
Also, if the primers are complementary, is there much likelihood of producing primer dimers, and how can we overcome that?

Thanks for you help

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Posted by: AnonymousMarch 16, 2010, 12:01 AM

Hi,
ligation is not needed in this protocol. Normally no problems are observed with primer dimers if you stick to the protocol (ca 25-45 bp primers with at least 8 perfectly matching bases on either side of the mismatched region). If you have problems, you can try to make the primers shorter. By the way, purification of primers (HPLC or PAGE) will also enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the reaction.

Have fun

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Posted by: MarkMarch 16, 2010, 5:53 PM

i ordered the finnzyme,s (phusion) kit for site directed mutagenesis. and in that kit the primer designing was different. i have primers which are designed back to back and they are 5' phosphorylated(for lagation purpose). kindly guide me if i can use these primers with this protocol. coz unfortunately i didn get that kit. i have to complete this part of my work in a week. i m relly worried.

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Posted by: aliyaJune 2, 2010, 2:23 PM

those primers are not overlapping and one of them have mutation (single). in taht kit they used hot start DNA polymerase. i have used the pfu polymerase. but got ambigous result. there were 2 bands in pcr product. one of 3.5kb(size of vector(ptz) +my gene) and a 3 kb band. i wonder Y pcr produced 2 bands :(

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Posted by: aliyaJune 2, 2010, 2:31 PM

Hi Aliya, I would assume that you can exchange the phusion polymerase for the standard pfu (and reverse)as they both have the same basic functions (generating blunt ends, no strand displacing activity, proofreading). Also the orientation and design of the primers can vary a lot between different mutagenesis protocols available, so there are definetely many ways to mutate a plasmid. In your case I would say it's ok to use pfu instead of phusion as long as you use the correct cycling conditions. If you get two bands, you could either play around with the cycling conditions and/or primer design or you could just simply extract the band of correct size and use it for the ligation. Hotstart polymerases have several advantages (mainly higher specificty) but they are not necessarily needed. If you still have problems, you may also order new primers and stick with the protocol above. Hope this will help you.
Have fun
Mark

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Posted by: MarkJune 7, 2010, 4:48 PM

Hi Mark, i have recently ordered new primers (overlapping primers having mutation in middle of the sequence) but i i can,t add a restriction site in them coz mutation is in middle of my gene. and in ur protocol u didn mentioned about the size i mean the plasmid plus insert which u r using. my plasmid is of 2.8 and my gene is about .5kb. would this procedure work for this size of DNA. and how the nick protroduced in the strands would be sealed in the end. and another question is in fermentas prescribed manual for pcr wd pfu polymerase it is mention that the extension time should be 2min/kb. which makes almost 12 min for my DNA. what should i do now.
thanx for ur guidence

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Posted by: AliyaJune 15, 2010, 1:55 AM

Hi Aliya
If your desired mutation is in the middle of the gene and you dont want to insert "silent" mutations you can check by Sanger sequencing of a few clones. Mostly all of them carry the correct mutation. The size of your plasmid is totally fine for the protocol. For thermocycling you should definetely stick to the protocol of the supplier, if pfu is too slow for you just take phusion. Also I'm sure that not all 18 cylces we recommend in the protocol are needed. But generally the cycling times are quite long in this protocol, this is normal. The nick in the plasmid is repaired upon transformation in the bacteria.
Have fun

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Posted by: MarkJune 15, 2010, 4:06 AM

Hi Mark
thanx a lot for ur guidence. i followed that protocol and i succeded to introduce my desired mutation in gene. i just did it in 1st attempt. i got positive results by sanger sequencing. thanx :)

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Posted by: aliyaAugust 2, 2010, 1:42 AM

can u tell me the mechanism of this method. how many copies of mutated plasmid will be produced by this method from pcr of single unmutated plasmid. i am a bit confused how the primers aneal and synthesis more copies from newly synthesized strands in next cycles of pcr.

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Posted by: shazarSeptember 29, 2010, 12:35 PM

Hi Shazar,
the plasmid amplification works by a non PCR based thermocycling reaction (no exponential amplification but a linear one, similar to sanger sequencing just without disrupting nucleotides). The amount of mutated plasmid will be increased by the amount of input plasmid with every cycle, assuming the reaction is 100% efficient. So if you use 50ng of template, after the first cycle there should be 50ng of mutated plasmid, after the second cycle 100, after the third 150ng and so on. The amplification only takes place on the original plasmid and not on the newly synthesized (to my best knowledge). The newly synthesized plasmid strands then form plasmids with nicks in each strand which lie at the 5 prime end of each of the primers. If you transform this nicked plasmid into E. coli the nicks get repaired and result in a normal plasmid. I think in the video there's a scheme of the amplification process. If you cant acces the video you can view the article which the viedo is based on (in german). It contains the same scheme. www.laborjournal.de/rubric/tricks/tricks/trick126.lasso
All the best
Mark

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Posted by: AnonymousSeptember 29, 2010, 5:28 PM

Hi,
I have the problem of primer dimer with this protocol and i did not find any band after gel then i redesigned the primer which are partially overlaping and it works well in the first time and i got a good band
but when i repeat it again it failed -----i used the same primers but changed only one amino acid in the same position
i do not know what should I do ?
any advise will be helpful to me

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Posted by: Marium45July 7, 2011, 10:43 PM

Hello Friends..
Well iam working on Site-directed mutagenesis of one gene coding for one enzyme,however i dont get desired mutant ,sequencing results in undesirable mutation beside desired mutation. I follow strategene quick change mutagenesis protocol. I use pET28a vector.Could anyone please guide how to adress this issue..Thanks fr d help..

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Posted by: shadAugust 12, 2011, 5:14 AM

Hi Shad,
have you made sure that the undesired mutation was caused by the mutagenesis and was not present already before? If the undesired mutation appears in a region outside the one you are mutating, simple check some more colonies. As the mutagenesis is based on a linear amplificaation undesired mutations should not be propagated and therefore not present in most of the colonies. However if the mutation lies in the region of your primers, go and check their sequence once again (on the tube). During mutagenesis your primers are incorporated into the new plasmid, so if these are corrupted you will never get a good result. You could as well go for HPLC purified primers, which diminishes the risk of having a mixture of primers. Hope this helps you.
Enjoy,
Mark

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Posted by: MarkAugust 12, 2011, 8:24 AM

Thanks dear for your kind reply,
i have ensured the mutations were not present prior amplification. Mutations were not in the primer as it is FPLC- HPLC purified. I get many deletion and insertion kind of muations. i even changed the Polymerase, from Pfu polymerse to Ex taq polymerase, still didnt work out.. Please help me out with a nice solution to this problem.. always thanks..

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Posted by: shadSeptember 6, 2011, 10:20 PM

Ok, so the mutations seem to appear during mutagenesis and they are additional to the desired ones which you introduce with your primers, right? I'm not sure where the mutations lie relative to the primer but you must be aware that in sanger sequencing the read quality towards the end gets quite poor and might seem like a mutation. To ensure that what you are seeing is really an additional mutation, you could check the chromatogramm and also perform a second sequencing reaction from the other side to ensure you have high quality coverage off the putative mutation. But this only if the chromatogramm quality is poor. Otherwise, I would say, try a diffrent polymerase such as phusion hotstart. Maybe you could also go for a fresh aliquot of dNTPs. Sorry Shad for the delayed answer, but keep the comments coming if you've got problems. Hope this will help.

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Posted by: MarkSeptember 18, 2011, 8:43 AM

Hey Thanks Dear Mark for responding to my queries.!
Yea you r right, i get final additional mutations in the gene sequencing result[Macrogen]. The undesirable mutations found through out the gene not at any specific position relative to primers, when i checked by aligning the wild & mutant gene using BiEdit program. I change the polymerase to Ex taq polymerase, i get the desired band of expected size, however confirming its sequence results in failure due to same additional undesirable mutations.
I dont have much idea about Chromatogram and about sequencing from other side? As we sent our sequencing to Macrogen Gene sequencing Comp. Could you please tell me little more about it.
Always Thanks. Your suggestions surely helps me. Hope to keep getting your valuable guidance.

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Posted by: shadSeptember 18, 2011, 11:10 PM

Hi Shad, what I mean with sequencing from the other side is simply that you should make sure the sequencing reaction gives reliable results. So what we do when we check a plasmid is sequencing into the orf from both sides, 3 prime and 5 prime ends. You could as well use a primer which lies further into the gene but sequencing in the same direction. When you get your sequecing results there should always be file containing the unprocessed chromatogram for example .abi file. You can check by opening the file with finch.tv program. Once you have the correct files, use these as input for the alignement and compare to the reads you get before mutagenesis. Extaq I don't know but generraly you should only use enzymes with proofreading activity (pfu based enzymes or kod should work). Ok and as well there is no expected band size because the reaction amplifies the whole plasmid. Maybe you can get some help from your labmates or the sequencing company regarding the quality of reads. Good luck and keep me posted. We will get it solved :-)

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Posted by: MarkSeptember 20, 2011, 3:55 PM

I did this protocol for getting point mutants and i have been successful a couple of times. But recently i am noticing the sequence has multiple copies of mutated oligos. The primer sequence is concatenated and repeated several times in the mutated plasmid. The primers i used had a tm of 65 C and are 28 bp long. What could be the problem ?

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Posted by: sankarOctober 7, 2011, 10:18 AM

Hi Sankar, I have not yet encountered the problem you describe. However I could imagine it is caused by pairing of the primers at their ends. You could check if the sequences could allow such a pairing and the maybe add some more bases to dimish dimerisation. You could also try raising the annealing temperature. Keep me posted. Mark

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Posted by: MarkOctober 7, 2011, 11:55 AM

Hi Sankar, I have not yet encountered the problem you describe. However I could imagine it is caused by pairing of the primers at their ends. You could check if the sequences could allow such a pairing and the maybe add some more bases to dimish dimerisation. You could also try raising the annealing temperature. Keep me posted. Mark

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Posted by: MarkOctober 7, 2011, 11:55 AM

The problem I believe is, while the polymerase is amplifying, the primer spontaneously separates allowing the polymerase to copy the primer region on to a daughter strand. Since the DNA is circular two primer regions are close by in the daughter strand. The reverse primer could anneal in this region and the polymerase could amplify the daughter strand instead, creating multiple primer regions on subsequent PCR cycles. In a normal point mutation reaction, the amplified daughter strands should not act as a template.

To solve this, i ran the cycle separately for the two primers in two different tubes and mixed the samples before dpnI digestion. I had several colonies and one in 10 were positive for the mutation. And sequencing gave no concatenated primer region in any of the positive clones.

12.2.1

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Posted by: sankarNovember 4, 2011, 5:33 AM

Hey mutagenesis fans, if you have problems mutating large plasmids you can give this modified protocol a try. In a nutshell, the protocol works for well for large plasmids, makes use of KOD polymerase and only 6 amplification cycles are needed: http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus/openiptxt.php?doi=10.1631/jzus.B1100180 (download quite slow but eventually works). Good luck and happy pipetting

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Posted by: MarkNovember 2, 2011, 2:17 PM

I have amplified ss DNA library of 60 mer size by assymetric PCR method using gradient primer(F.Primer 100uM R.prmer-10uM). i could able to amplify ss DNA libray ,however fail to isolate amplified DNA band from the Gel slab by Crush & Soak protocol.
Thanks.

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Posted by: AnonymousJuly 16, 2012, 9:44 PM

Hi all,
I could't figure out how to us NEB tool to design primer bearing a new restriction site, which can be used for clones screening. could anyone share any tips on how to conveniently do so?
Many thanks!

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Posted by: Oleksiy K.March 20, 2013, 1:38 AM

Dear Oleksiy K.

My name is Ana Egana and I am the Technical Support Manager at New England Biolabs. I would like to invite you to contact us directly at info@neb.com with your questions. We will be happy to review the tool with you and provide you guidelines on how to use it for your intended purpose. We look forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely,

Ana

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Posted by: Ana E.March 26, 2013, 10:10 AM

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