The Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE) is a peer reviewed, PubMed-indexed video journal. Our mission is to increase the productivity of scientific research.
The JoVE video player is compatible with HTML5 and Adobe Flash. Older browsers that do not support HTML5 and the H.264 video codec will still use a Flash-based video player. We recommend downloading the newest version of Flash here, but we support all versions 10 and above.
Unable to load video. Please check your Internet connection and reload this page. If the problem continues, please let us know and we'll try to help.
An unexpected error occurred. Please check your Internet connection and reload this page. If the problem continues, please let us know and we'll try to help.
Lorenz, T. C. Polymerase Chain Reaction: Basic Protocol Plus Troubleshooting and Optimization Strategies. J. Vis. Exp. (63), e3998, doi:10.3791/3998 (2012).
此外,特定的蛋白质,如牛血清白蛋白(BSA)在400 ng /μl的和/或T4基因32蛋白在150 ng /μl的援助PCR技术中存在的抑制剂,如氯化铁,氯化血红素,黄腐酸,腐植酸,单宁酸,或从粪便,淡水和海水的提取物。然而,一些PCR抑制剂,包括胆盐,胆红素,EDTA,氯化钠,十二烷基硫酸钠,或Triton X-100的,不是由BSA或T4的基因32蛋白除了缓解。
放缓PCR是简单的TD-PCR法的修改,并已成功地放大非常富含GC(83%以上)序列( 表6)。的概念,考虑到一个相对较新的功能与现代热循环,从而使调整的斜坡速度以及冷却速度。该协议还采用直流7 GTP的减少2°结构的形成,可以抑制反应。斜坡速度降低到2.5°C间为与退火周期的冷却速度为1.5°C S -1。第一阶段开始与安安退火温度为70°C,并降低退火温度1°C间,每3回合,直到它达到58°C。第二阶段,然后继续一个额外的15个循环,58℃退火温度。
成立之前都学 ,基因组DNA的PCR实验酵母和的分枝杆菌噬菌体进行了量化和稀释浓度,异体瓦特之间10 4 10 7,每个反应的DNA分子。准备工作库存如下。一个基因酵母DNA的制备取得了10 4 ng /μl的。一个稀释至10 ng /μl的产生由452 TE的pH值8.0的缓冲液中加入48微升。自的S.酵母基因组约12.5 MB,10纳克含有7.41×10 5分子。基因分枝杆菌噬菌体DNA的制备,取得了313 ng /μl的。生成一个以2 ng /μl的稀释到993.6 TE的pH值8.0的缓冲液中加入6.4μL。此噬菌体DNA是大约67 KB。因此,1毫微克含有2.73×10 7的分子,这是在DNA上普遍使用的PCR限制。工作库存,然后用于产生混合主表7所列的解决方案。试验不同循环条件如下所述。
图3a中,基因组DNA, 从 S 酵母被用来作为模板扩增GAL3基因,其中半乳糖代谢有关的蛋白质进行编码。这个实验的目的是要确定最佳的镁离子浓度这套试剂。无MgCl 2的是在原有的PCR缓冲液中,必须在测试范围从0.0毫米至5.0毫米表示的浓度补充。正如图中所示,PCR产物的预期大小(2098 BP)的Mg 2 +浓度为2.5毫米最佳浓度(6车道),在4.0毫米(9巷)开始出现。由制造商提供的建议浓度为1.5毫米,这是典型的PCR缓冲液中所提供的数额。也许令人惊讶的是,在这个实验中形成的产品所需的必要的浓度超过这一数额。
Albert, J. & Fenyo, E.M. Simple, sensitive, and specific detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in clinical specimens by polymerase chain reaction with nested primers. J. Clin. Microbiol.28, 1560-1564 (1990).
Baskaran, N., et al. Uniform amplification of a mixture of deoxyribonucleic acids with varying GC content. Genome Res.6, 633-638 (1996).
Blanchard, M.M., Taillon-Miller, P., Nowotny, P., & Nowotny, V. PCR buffer optimization with uniform temperature regimen to facilitate automation. PCR Methods Appl.2, 234-240 (1993).
Borer, P.N., Dengler, B., Tinoco, I., Jr., & Uhlenbeck, O.C. Stability of ribonucleic acid double-stranded helices. J. Mol. Biol.86, 843-853, [pii] 0022-2836(74)90357-X (1974).
Breslauer, K.J., Frank, R., Blocker, H., & Marky, L.A. Predicting DNA duplex stability from the base sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.83, 3746-3750 (1986).
Chou, Q., Russell, M., Birch, D.E., Raymond, J., & Bloch, W. Prevention of pre-PCR mis-priming and primer dimerization improves low-copy-number amplifications. Nucleic Acids Res.20, 1717-1723 (1992).
Coleman, W.B.A.T. & Gregory, J. 592, Humana Press, (2005).
D'Aquila, R.T., et al. Maximizing sensitivity and specificity of PCR by pre-amplification heating. Nucleic Acids Res.19, 3749 (1991).
Dieffenbach, C.W., Lowe, T.M., & Dveksler, G.S. General concepts for PCR primer design. PCR Methods Appl.3, S30-37 (1993).
Don, R.H., Cox, P.T., Wainwright, B.J., Baker, K., & Mattick, J.S. 'Touchdown' PCR to circumvent spurious priming during gene amplification. Nucleic Acids Res.19, 4008 (1991).
Erlich, H.A., Gelfand, D., & Sninsky, J.J. Recent advances in the polymerase chain reaction. Science.252, 1643-1651 (1991).
Haqqi, T.M., Sarkar, G., David, C.S., & Sommer, S.S. Specific amplification with PCR of a refractory segment of genomic DNA. Nucleic Acids Res.16, 11844 (1988).
Henke, W., Herdel, K., Jung, K., Schnorr, D., & Loening, S.A. Betaine improves the PCR amplification of GC-rich DNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Res.25, 3957-3958, [pii] gka606 (1997).
Innis, M.A., Gelfand, David H., Sninsky, John J., & White, Thomas J. 482 Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, (1990).
King, N. In: Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 630, Humana Press, (2010).
Kleppe, K., Ohtsuka, E., Kleppe, R., Molineux, I., & Khorana, H.G. Studies on polynucleotides. XCVI. Repair replications of short synthetic DNA's as catalyzed by DNA polymerases. J. Mol. Biol.56, 341-361 (1971).
Korbie, D.J. & Mattick, J.S. Touchdown PCR for increased specificity and sensitivity in PCR amplification. Nat. Protoc.3, 1452-1456, doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.133 [pii] nprot.2008.133 (2008).
Kramer, M.F. & Coen, D.M. Enzymatic amplification of DNA by PCR: standard procedures and optimization. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol.Appendix 3, A 3C 1-14, doi:10.1002/0471140856.txa03cs03 (2001).
Kramer, M.F. & Coen, D.M. The polymerase chain reaction. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci.Appendix 4, Appendix 4J, doi:10.1002/0471140864.psa04js29 (2002).
Kreader, C.A. Relief of amplification inhibition in PCR with bovine serum albumin or T4 gene 32 protein. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.62, 1102-1106 (1996).
Kwok, S., et al. Identification of human immunodeficiency virus sequences by using in vitro enzymatic amplification and oligomer cleavage detection. J. Virol.61, 1690-1694 (1987).
McConlogue, L., Brow, M.A., & Innis, M.A. Structure-independent DNA amplification by PCR using 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine. Nucleic Acids Res.16, 9869 (1988).
Mullis, K.B. The unusual origin of the polymerase chain reaction. Sci. Am.262, 56-61, 64-55 (1990).
Mullis, K.B. Target amplification for DNA analysis by the polymerase chain reaction. Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris).48, 579-582 (1990).
Mullis, K.B. The polymerase chain reaction in an anemic mode: how to avoid cold oligodeoxyribonuclear fusion. PCR Methods Appl.1, 1-4 (1991).
Mullis, K B. & Faloona, F.A. Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. Methods Enzymol.155, 335-350 (1987).
Paabo, S., Gifford, J.A., & Wilson, A.C. Mitochondrial DNA sequences from a 7000-year old brain. Nucleic Acids Res.16, 9775-9787 (1988).
Rees, W.A., Yager, T.D., Korte, J., & von Hippel, P. H. Betaine can eliminate the base pair composition dependence of DNA melting. Biochemistry.32, 137-144 (1993).
Roux, K.H. & Hecker, K.H. One-step optimization using touchdown and stepdown PCR. Methods Mol. Biol.67, 39-45 (1997).
Rychlik, W., Spencer, W.J., & Rhoads, R.E. Optimization of the annealing temperature for DNA amplification in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res.18, 6409-6412 (1990).
Saiki, R.K., et al. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science.239, 487-491 (1988).
Saiki, R.K., et al. Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science.230, 1350-1354 (1985).
Sambrook, J.A.R., & David, W. Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual. 3rd edn., Vol. 2, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (2001).
Sarkar, G., Kapelner, S., & Sommer, S.S. Formamide can dramatically improve the specificity of PCR. Nucleic Acids Res.18, 7465 (1990).
Smit, V.T., et al. KRAS codon 12 mutations occur very frequently in pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Nucleic Acids Res.16, 7773-7782 (1988).
Wilson, I.G. Inhibition and facilitation of nucleic acid amplification. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.63, 3741-3751 (1997).
Wu, R. In: Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 218 806, Academic Press, Inc, San Diego, (1993).