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半变性洗涤剂琼脂糖凝胶电泳筛选淀粉样蛋白聚合

1,2,3, 1,2,3

1Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 2Department of Biology, MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 3Howard Hughes Medical Institute

 

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Cite this Article: 半变性洗涤剂琼脂糖凝胶电泳筛选淀粉样蛋白聚合

Halfmann, R., Lindquist, S. Screening for Amyloid Aggregation by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. J. Vis. Exp. (17), e838, doi:10.3791/838 (2008).

Abstract: 半变性洗涤剂琼脂糖凝胶电泳筛选淀粉样蛋白聚合

淀粉样蛋白聚集与大量的蛋白质错误折叠的病理学和朊病毒传染病属性的基础,这是conformationally自我模板,被认为是低等生物的有益作用的蛋白质。淀粉样已经非常困难的,由于其不溶性和结构异质性研究。然而,根据大小和洗涤剂不溶性的淀粉样聚合物分辨率可以通过半变性洗涤剂琼脂糖凝胶电泳(SDD - AGE)。这种技术是发现淀粉样蛋白的构象变体的检测和表征的广泛使用。在这里,我们展示了一种适应这种技术,有利于大规模的应用,如新的朊病毒和其他淀粉样蛋白的屏幕,它的使用。新的SDD年龄的方法使用毛细管传输提供更高的可靠性和易用性,并且可以容纳任何大小的凝胶。因此,大量的样品,准备从细胞或纯化蛋白质,可同时处理SDS不溶性标签蛋白的构象存在。

Protocol: 半变性洗涤剂琼脂糖凝胶电泳筛选淀粉样蛋白聚合

第1部分:准备凝胶

  1. 组装凝胶铸造托盘。水平DNA电泳的标准设备都可以使用。对于大量样品,我们准备了一个20厘米× 24厘米,最多四个50梳子板。确保铸坯没有划痕,因为这些扭曲的印迹图像。
  2. 创建1X TAE在1.5%琼脂糖溶液(中等或高的凝胶强度,低的平等就业机会)。体积应足以完全淹没梳齿 - 您将要载入尽可能最大限度地提高检测的样品。微波的混合物,直到琼脂糖完全溶解。
  3. 快速添加SDS的0.1%,10%的股票。涡流来混合。如果一些琼脂糖凝固在这一步,溶解使用热板和小心,以避免沸腾。
  4. 倒入铸造托盘的解决方案。用梳子耙出任何气泡,后来,因为它们可能干扰与传输。
  5. 凝胶成立后,除去梳子和凝胶放入凝胶罐。完全淹没在1X TAE凝胶含有0.1%SDS。

第2部分:准备样品

  1. 对于高通量分析酵母细胞裂解液中,我们开始成长快速搅拌过夜96块2毫升文化。在这种情况下,每一种文化的高表达有兴趣的蛋白质。分析低丰度蛋白质时,必须使用较大的文化卷
  2. 于2000年在室温下5分钟的离心力离心收获细胞。
  3. 再次重悬细胞在水和离心机。
  4. 悬浮在1毫升spheroplasting溶液。约30分钟的孵育在30 ° C(你可以通过显微镜确认spheroplasting效率)。
  5. 在室温下5分钟800离心力离心。完全去除上清液。
  6. 在100毫升裂解液重悬沉淀的原生质球。
  7. 封面用胶带和2分钟的高速涡块。
  8. 2分钟,在4000离心力的颗粒细胞碎片。
  9. 小心取出上清液到一个新的容器,例如,一个96孔PCR板。
  10. 如果需要,确定的裂解液中的蛋白浓度。
  11. 4X样品缓冲液加入样品产生裂解液中含有1X样品缓冲。孵育在室温下5分钟。
  12. 负载凝胶。如果需要,可以节省一半的样本量和煮沸SDS - PAGE分析。为了监测转移的程度以后,包括预染SDS - PAGE电泳标记。此外,分子量非常大的蛋白质(例如,鸡胸大肌提取物)组成的标记,可以被用来估计解决复合物的大小。
  13. 运行在低电压(≤3 V / cm时的凝胶长度),直到染料前沿到达凝胶月底〜1厘米。这将需要几个小时。重要的是,凝胶保持冷静,否则低分子量蛋白质(例如,单体)的扩散,可以限制他们的检测。

第3部分:传输

  1. 剪下一块硝化棉凝胶相同的尺寸。
  2. 20件GB004和GB002吸墨纸8件,切割凝胶相同的尺寸。削减GB004额外的一块,作为灯芯,它长约20厘米,比凝胶广泛。
  3. 沉浸在1X TBS的硝化棉,灯芯,和4件GB002。
  4. 在一个塑料容器,组装一叠论文如下:20件干GB004,干GB002 4件,然后一件预湿GB002。栈顶奠定硝化棉。
  5. 凝胶在水中的托盘简要铸造冲洗,以除去多余的运行缓冲。然后,仔细地开始滑落到堆栈上的托盘凝胶。托盘滑出凝胶,扑灭膜用TBS必要的。额外的缓冲区,有助于防止气泡被困下的凝胶。一个移液管工程以及用于这一目的。
  6. 后凝胶已被移动到堆栈,查深查透的气泡。如果有任何存在,解除凝胶的边缘,并重新申请缓冲区,直到气泡可以算出。
  7. 其余三个预湿GB002件放在凝胶顶部。确保坚决整个堆栈的顶部滚动吸管彻底层之间的所有接触。
  8. 侧翼转栈包含TBS电视台的两条高架托盘。披风预湿灯芯,灯芯两端是在TBS电视台淹没整个堆栈。
  9. 盖上塑料轴承额外的重量(例如,一瓶500毫升的水)的一个额外的托盘组装的转栈。
  10. 允许转让进行至少三个小时,或隔夜。
  11. 转让后,膜可以处理标准的免疫印迹。

Spheroplasting解决方案
1.2米的D -山梨醇
0.5毫米氯化镁2
20毫米的Tris,pH值7.5
50 mM的生物医学工程(补充新鲜)
0.5毫克/毫升Zymolyase 100T(补充新鲜)

coration:“裂解液
100毫米的Tris 7.5
50 mM氯化钠
10毫米生物医学工程(补充新鲜)
蛋白酶抑制剂(补充新鲜)

4X采样缓冲器
2X栓塞
20%的甘油
8%SDS
溴酚蓝偏好

Discussion: 半变性洗涤剂琼脂糖凝胶电泳筛选淀粉样蛋白聚合

SDD - AGE Kryndushkin等人首次报道1,研究SDS耐配合物[PSI +]朊蛋白在酵母中,至今发现的广泛使用,研究朊病毒和非朊病毒聚合 2-9 。但是,转移到膜上以下的琼脂糖凝胶电泳的蛋白质是有问题的的,可以在一个扭曲的印迹图像 5的结果。此外,最常用的淹没electroblotting技术引入实际凝胶的大小限制,因此可处理的样品的数量。我们已经解决了这些问题,由用人向下毛细管转移 10,一个简单的程序,它使用一摞干印迹文件蛋白质从凝胶转移至硝酸纤维素膜上。毛细管转移防止失真,并可以轻松地处理大量凝胶。有几件事情之前要考虑使用的SDD年龄。原油样品(例如,裂解液),特定蛋白的免疫检测是必要的。 SDD - AGE不完全变性的蛋白复合体的利益,所以必须承担被检测到的蛋白(S)淀粉样地区以外的抗原表位标记。裂解液可以一般准备,因为他们将一个正常的SDS - PAGE,有两个重要的区别。首先,增加了必须小心,以防止蛋白水解降解。这里使用的部分变性条件是不够的灭活蛋白酶,也可以使靶蛋白更容易水解。至少2倍的推荐浓度使用一个完整的蛋白酶抑制剂的鸡尾酒。其次,加热的样品应避免。如果所有的单体阴性对照需要,例如,以确认高分子量物种得不到应有的共价修饰,一个孵育10分钟,在95 ° C可以使用,这将恢复最淀粉样蛋白单体。

Disclosures: 半变性洗涤剂琼脂糖凝胶电泳筛选淀粉样蛋白聚合

Acknowledgements: 半变性洗涤剂琼脂糖凝胶电泳筛选淀粉样蛋白聚合

我们感谢西蒙阿尔贝蒂协助发展本议定书。这项工作是支持由来自美国国立卫生研究院(GM25874),霍华德休斯医学研究所的Investigatorship(SL),和美国国家科学基金会predoctoral培训补助金(RH)的补助金。

Materials: 半变性洗涤剂琼脂糖凝胶电泳筛选淀粉样蛋白聚合

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
zymolyase 100T Seikagaku Corporation 120493-1
Halt Protease Inhibitor Cocktail Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. 78429
Hybond-C extra nitrocellulose Amersham RPN303E
GB004 blotting paper Whatman, GE Healthcare 10427926
GB002 (3MM Chr) blotting paper Whatman, GE Healthcare 3030-917
Agarose (UltraPure) Invitrogen 15510-027

References: 半变性洗涤剂琼脂糖凝胶电泳筛选淀粉样蛋白聚合

1. Kryndushkin, D.S., Alexandrov, I.M., Ter-Avanesyan, M.D. & Kushnirov, V.V. Yeast [PSI+] prion aggregates are formed by small Sup35 polymers fragmented by Hsp104. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 49636-49643 (2003).

2. Alexandrov, I.M., Vishnevskaya, A.B., Ter-Avanesyan, M.D. & Kushnirov, V.V. Appearance and Propagation of Polyglutamine-based Amyloids in Yeast: TYROSINE RESIDUES ENABLE POLYMER FRAGMENTATION. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 15185-15192 (2008).

3. Allen, K.D. et al. Hsp70 chaperones as modulators of prion life cycle: novel effects of Ssa and Ssb on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae prion [PSI+]. Genetics 169, 1227-1242 (2005).

4. Aron, R., Higurashi, T., Sahi, C. & Craig, E.A. J-protein co-chaperone Sis1 required for generation of [RNQ+] seeds necessary for prion propagation. The EMBO journal 26, 3794-3803 (2007).

5. Bagriantsev, S.N., Kushnirov, V.V. & Liebman, S.W. Analysis of amyloid aggregates using agarose gel electrophoresis. Methods in Enzymology 412, 33-48 (2006).

6. Borchsenius, A.S., Muller, S., Newnam, G.P., Inge-Vechtomov, S.G. & Chernoff, Y.O. Prion variant maintained only at high levels of the Hsp104 disaggregase. Current Genetics 49, 21-29 (2006).

7. Salnikova, A.B., Kryndushkin, D.S., Smirnov, V.N., Kushnirov, V.V. & Ter-Avanesyan, M.D. Nonsense suppression in yeast cells overproducing Sup35 (eRF3) is caused by its non-heritable amyloids. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 8808-8812 (2005).

8. Tank, E.M., Harris, D.A., Desai, A.A. & True, H.L. Prion protein repeat expansion results in increased aggregation and reveals phenotypic variability. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 5445-5455 (2007).

9. Douglas, P.M. et al. Chaperone-dependent amyloid assembly protects cells from prion toxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 7206-7211 (2008).

10. Nagy, B., Costello, R., and Csako, G. Downward blotting of proteins in a model based on apolipoprotein(a) phenotyping. Analytical Biochemistry. 231, 40-45 (1995).

Ask the Author: 半变性洗涤剂琼脂糖凝胶电泳筛选淀粉样蛋白聚合

10 Comments

Thanks. This is the best form to communicate results, I have this idea long time ago..

I would like to publish my results like this soon. Please let me know How I need to do it.

COngratulations!!!

 

Dr. Gabriela A. Balogh

Genetic Laboratory

CERZOS-CONICET

BAHIA BLANCA-ARGENTINA

EMAIL: gabalogh@criba.edu.ar

tel: 54-291-4861124 Int:188

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Posted by: Gabriela BaloghOctober 6, 2008, 7:53 AM

Hi Gabriela,

I agree this publication format is very useful.  It really lowers the activation barrier for people considering using a new technique, and it reaches a large audience.  There is an online submission process that you should start with when you are ready to submit.  If you are concerned about how to make the video, just email the editors.  They are very helpful.  For my submission, I emailed the editor with a detailed protocol, then worked with them to make a script.  A videographer was provided by JoVE to record the video, but I'm not sure if they can do this for all shoot locations.  Overall they made the submission process very easy.  Good luck!

Randal

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Posted by: AnonymousOctober 6, 2008, 12:56 PM

very cool work done

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Posted by: AnonymousOctober 21, 2008, 10:20 PM

This definitely is a new format of publication. It's so cool. Not only a combination of video and paper. But also a very good method to show the ideas of authors. Also I learned a lot tips from this great work that I can not found from the pdf files.

 

Haitao Zhang

Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics

Microbiology Bldg

University of Maryland

College Park, MD 20742

301 405 0547

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Posted by: Haitao ZhangOctober 21, 2008, 10:33 PM

This new way to share methods and protocols is very nice, though I think that  it will not be simple for people around the world to produce high quality videos.

I've a question for Randal, regarding  the statement that "a 10-minute incubation at 95°C  will restore most amyloids to monomeric protein". Is it a personal observation or is it based on published data? Isn't the resistance to the denaturation in boiling Laemmli buffer (which contains much more SDS than your partially denaturing buffer) usually reported as a typical feature of many amyloid aggregates?

 

Stefania

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Posted by: Stefania RigacciNovember 27, 2008, 10:07 AM

Hi Stefania,

 

While the concentration of SDS in the gel and running buffer is only 0.1%, it is 2% in the sample buffer. Previous work with Sup35 prion amyloids has shown that they are denatured under these conditions (2% SDS, 10’ at 95C). For an example, see:

Mechanism of Cross-Species Prion TransmissionAn Infectious Conformation Compatible with Two Highly Divergent Yeast Prion Proteins.  Cell 2005, Volume 121 , Issue 1 , Pages 49 - 62 M . Tanaka , P . Chien , K . Yonekura , J . Weissman

 

Amyloids do vary in their stability when boiled in SDS, as aβ and polyglutamine fibers have been reported to resist such a treatment (see work by R. Wetzel). But in my experience, the vast majority of intracellular amyloids (including all aggregates visualized in the results section of this protocol) are readily solubilized at 95C in 2% SDS.

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Posted by: AnonymousDecember 6, 2008, 4:38 PM

thanks alot for sharing methods. I have a question, can I make the lysis buffer and Spheroplast solution without BME? Does BME play an important role in this procedure?

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Posted by: mahshid R.February 21, 2009, 8:01 AM

thanks alot for sharing methods.I have a question, can I make the lysis buffer and spheroplast without BME?

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Posted by: AnonymousFebruary 21, 2009, 8:10 AM

thanks alot for sharing methods. I have a question, can I make lysis buffer and spheroplast solution without BSE?

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Posted by: M. February 23, 2009, 2:30 AM

thanks alot for sharing methods. I have a question, can I use lysis buffer and spheroplasting solution without BME?

thank you

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Posted by: mFebruary 24, 2009, 4:17 AM

Hi Randal, do you have a feel if this would work for amyloids in brain homogenate? Do you have a feel if the amyloid associated proteins in a plaque (e.g., stuff bound to abeta) would also be resistant to solubulization in SDS? I was wondering if this would perhaps be a way to enrich plaque proteins for LC-MS analysis.

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Posted by: Roger M.June 29, 2009, 9:54 PM

Hi Rojelio. I've never tried it, but I imagine SDD-AGE will work just fine for brain homogenate. I know that people are successfully using it with cell culture lysates. It's definitely worth giving it a try on a small scale. I doubt that non-amyloid plaque associated proteins will remain structured in the SDS treatment, however. Also, in thinking about it, I think you'd have to find a way to solublilize the SDD-AGE-resolved aggregates prior to LC-MS. If you find a way to couple this with identification of amyloid proteins I would be very eager to know! Good luck!

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Posted by: AnonymousJuly 5, 2009, 11:21 PM

Thank you for posting this article! I have been using agarose gels to resolve aggregates from multiple Huntington's disease models including cells and mouse brain tissue. I am strugging to find a good high molecular weight marker. I have recently tried using the CPE, but I haven't really had any luck resolving the titin band. Do you have any suggestions about a marker to use? Thank you!

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Posted by: Emily MitchellJanuary 28, 2010, 3:05 PM

Hi Emily. Generally we don't use the high molecular weight marker, as it only provides a rough estimate anyway (the amyloids likely migrate differently than large soluble proteins). We often include a normal SDS-PAGE marker (highest band at 250kD) to verify transfer and show at least that proteins are running higher than 250kD. I've also tried Invitrogen's NativeMark protein standards and found that some of the proteins do not denature on SDDAGE and can provide an alternative to CPE. However, I think the best marker may be von Willebrand factor, a serum protein that forms covalent multimers up to 1.8mD, although I haven't tried it yet. Here's a reference you can start with:
Bone Marrow Transplantation (2007) 40, 251–259; doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1705724; published online 4 June 2007
Prophylactic fresh frozen plasma may prevent development of hepatic VOD after stem cell transplantation via ADAMTS13-mediated restoration of von Willebrand factor plasma levels
M Matsumoto, K Kawa, M Uemura, S Kato, H Ishizashi, A Isonishi, H Yagi, Y-D Park, Y Takeshima, Y Kosaka, H Hara, S Kai, A Kanamaru, S Fukuhara, M Hino, M Sako, A Hiraoka, H Ogawa, J Hara and Y Fujimura.
If you obtain a source of von Willebrand Factor (either purified or crude, plus antibody), you'd be all set.

Randal

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Posted by: randal halfmannJanuary 30, 2010, 3:51 PM

Dear Dr Emily
Im a pHd student from Portugal. The reason why I send you this e-mail is because im planning to perform Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis in brain samples. In the article from Randal Halfmann they do not refer the protocol to prepare protein extracts from mouse brain.
Can you give the protocol that you use?

Thank you

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Posted by: Anabela FernandesFebruary 22, 2010, 5:35 AM

A protocol on tissues or mammalian cells would be most useful! Or a reference would help. Would it be enough to break the cells in the lysis buffer, spin down and use the supernatant?

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Posted by: Petur Henry PetersenMarch 31, 2011, 10:45 AM

To answer my own question, I tried it on various preps and it worked fine!

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Posted by: Petur PetersenJuly 28, 2011, 11:00 AM

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