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Cirurgia estereotáxica sobrevivência em Roedores

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Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University

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Cite this Article: Cirurgia estereotáxica sobrevivência em Roedores

Geiger, B. M., Frank, L. E., Caldera-Siu, A. D., Pothos, E. N. Survivable Stereotaxic Surgery in Rodents . J. Vis. Exp. (20), e880, doi:10.3791/880 (2008).

Abstract: Cirurgia estereotáxica sobrevivência em Roedores

A capacidade de medir extracelular níveis basais de neurotransmissores no cérebro de animais acordado permite a determinação dos efeitos de diferentes desafios sistêmicos (farmacológico ou fisiológico) para o SNC. Por exemplo, pode-se medir diretamente como projeções do animal dopamina mesencéfalo responder à dopamina de liberação de drogas como estímulos d-anfetamina ou naturais, como alimentos. Neste vídeo, mostramos-lhe como implante de cânulas guia alvo locais específicos no cérebro de ratos, como inserir e implante de uma sonda de microdiálise e como usar cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplado com detecção eletroquímica (HPLC-CE) para medir os níveis extracelulares de neurotransmissores e metabólitos oxidáveis. Introdução preciso local de medicamentos através da sonda de microdiálise permite para o trabalho refinado da especificidade site em mecanismo de um composto s da ação. Esta técnica tem anatômicas excelentes e resolução de química, mas apenas a resolução de tempo modesto como amostras de microdiálise geralmente são processados ​​a cada 20-30 minutos para garantir níveis de neurotransmissores detectável. Ferramentas complementares ex vivo (ou seja, fatia de cultura de células e eletrofisiologia) pode contribuir para a monitorização em tempo real neurotransmissão.

Protocol: Cirurgia estereotáxica sobrevivência em Roedores

Sumário

Dois meses de idade camundongos C57BL/6J idade média ou equivalente ou três meses de idade média, idade ratos Sprague Dawley ou equivalente são anestesiados com cetamina (60 mg / kg ip para ratos; ip 100 mg / kg para camundongos) e xilazina (10 mg / kg, ip para qualquer espécie). Sedação é monitorado usando uma pitada toe gentil retirar reflexo demonstrado em Walantus et al. (Jove, 6, 2007) e Szot et al. (Jove, 9, 2007). Termorregulação pode ser fornecida através de uma almofada de aquecimento thermostatregulated (ALA Instruments Inc.) e monitoradas através de um termômetro retal. Cabeça é raspada de pele e limpos com iodo antes da incisão. Após a incisão da pele (2 cm de comprimento para ratos, 1 cm de comprimento para ratos) e remoção de todos os tecidos moles da superfície do crânio, a colocação da cânula guia é determinada em relação ao bregma. Um buraco de 6 mm é perfurado através do crânio com um perfurador operado por bateria concebidos para cirurgia de roedores (Ferramentas Ciência Fine, Inc.). Cuidado é tomado para que a broca não penetra através das membranas das meninges ou vasos sanguíneos. Crânio é implantado com bilateral 5 milímetros calibre 21 hastes de aço inoxidável guia que conduz ao núcleo accumbens posterior, striatum dorsal ou córtex pré-frontal. As coordenadas estereotáxica são estabelecidos de acordo com Franklin e Paxinos, 1997 (O Cérebro de rato em Coordenadas estereotáxica, Academic Press) ou Paxinos e Watson, 2006 (O Cérebro de rato em Coordenadas estereotáxica, Academic Press). Os implantes são garantidos por cimento dental. Um bolo de Ringer Lactato da solução salina 0,9% é dado no final da cirurgia (SC 5mls em ratos e 1 ml SC em camundongos após líquidos são aquecidos até a temperatura normal do corpo) para evitar a desidratação. Buprenorfina (0.1-0.5mg/kg SC) é administrado duas vezes ao dia e, então, em uma base como-necessário, se o animal parece estar com dor. Tratamento com antibiótico local (pomada bacitracina) e tratamento com antibióticos sistêmicos (penicilina 100.000 UI / kg IM a cada 12 horas para as primeiras 48 horas pós-op) são administrados se infecções pós-operatórias ocorrem.

Após a cirurgia, os animais são alojados individualmente com alimentos e água ad libitum disponíveis. Pelo menos uma semana é permitido para recuperação antes de microdiálise e da eutanásia. Após recuperação da cirurgia, os animais são transferidos para uma gaiola de microdiálise e sondas de microdiálise são inseridos e cimentado na guia eixos que foram instalados durante a cirurgia. Sonda de inserção não causa dor ou desconforto, porque a sonda está ignorando o tecido muscular, pele e das meninges através do eixo guia. Portanto, a inserção da sonda é feito sem anestesia e os efeitos da anestesia induzida em neuroquímica ou comportamento sejam evitados. Deixamos as sondas estabilizar por 12 horas e, então, iniciar a amostragem a cada 30 minutos para outro 8-12 horas, dependendo do experimento. Nós monitoramos o comportamento locomotor do animal através de fotocélulas ou gravação manual do movimento pelo experimentador. Microdialysate amostras são injetadas em uma Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência com Detecção Eletroquímica (HPLC-CE) instrumento de detecção e análise neuroquímica. Nós olhamos para os efeitos sobre a neuroquímica basal e comportamento locomotor. No final do experimento o animal é sacrificado por uma overdose de cetamina sistêmica (200 mg / kg ip) e xilazina (20 mg / kg, ip). Então o coração é perfundido com solução salina a 0,9%, seguido por paraformaldeído a 4%. Os cérebros são removidos, congelados e cortados ao longo do trato sonda de microdiálise para verificar colocação da sonda precisa.

Procedimento

  1. Configurar o aparelho estereotáxico e todos os materiais necessários. Verifique se a área e os instrumentos são limpos e esterilizados.

  2. Raspar a pele com barbeador elétrico. Vão desde os ouvidos apenas em entre os olhos, passar a navalha em diferentes direções para efetivamente limpar a área de pele. Aplicar povidine / iodo para a área raspada, mas proteger os olhos dela.

  3. Montar o animal no aparelho estereotáxico, colocando as barras de ouvido dentro do canal auditivo e aperto no lugar. Primeira montagem de barra de um ouvido no canal do ouvido, e depois mantê-lo no lugar e deslize na barra de outra orelha. Você sabe que está no local correto quando a cabeça não pode mais ser movido para os lados. Assegurar a boca com a montagem anterior do estereotáxica e certifique-se que a cabeça está nivelada com uma régua. Coloque a régua na posição vertical em relação à plataforma de instrumento estereotáxico e verificar se há um ângulo de 90 ° entre o governante eo meio do couro cabeludo do animal). Confirmar isso através do instrumento estereotáxico se oferece tal capacidade.

  4. Faça uma incisão anterior / posterior do couro cabeludo com um bisturi estéril que se estende do lambda apenas no meio dos olhos do animal. Use hemostats esterilizados para beliscar fora da pele e manter a incisão aberta. Usando vários cotonetes estéreis, secar a superfície do crânio exposto.

  5. Colocar a cânula guia para sua montagem, encontrar bregma no crânio, e posicionar a guia direita cânula esse local. Anote as coordenadas anterior / posterior e lateral. De bregma, encontrar as coordenadas necessárias para corrigir o posicionamento do seu teste com o auxílio do atlas estereotáxico. Posição da cânula guia para as coordenadas corretas, adicionando ou subtraindo bregma. Traga a sua cânula guia para baixo até que ele está tocando o crânio, e depois gravar essa coordenada ventral. Faça uma marca de lápis com um lápis estéril neste local no crânio, que é onde você será perfuração.

  6. Remova a cânula guia e esterilizar sua broca. Cuidadosamente furar um buraco na marca do lápis até chegar através da largura do crânio. Verifique com a cânula guia para ver se ele iria limpar o buraco sem tocar os lados. Mantenha perfuração e verificar até que a cânula pode limpar num caminho reto. Uma vez que o buraco é feito, use uma agulha estéril para perfurar o delicadamente meninges, a fim de permitir a inserção desobstruída da cânula.

  7. Em seguida, usando uma broca de mão, faça seis furos para parafusos de cabeça: dois para o buraco anterior cânula, dois laterais para o buraco cânula, posterior e dois para os lados. Esterilizar seis parafusos e colocá-los sobre o crânio até que sejam firmemente ancoradas em.

  8. Limpar a cânula guia com etanol e soro fisiológico, montar e abaixá-lo lentamente para a coordenada adequada ventral. Certifique-se que os lados não estão tocando e que está indo perfeitamente vertical.

  9. Coloque o parafuso âncora medialmente e atrás os parafusos posterior do crânio e segurá-la no lugar com uma pinça. Misture um lote fina de cimento dental líquido ea tampa da cânula guia, parafusos, eo resto do crânio com uma espátula estéril. Fazer outro lote, desta vez mais grosso, e cobrir completamente a área eo parafuso cânula e ancorar o suficiente para prendê-lo.

  10. Como o cimento se torna mais espessa e antes que ele se solidifica, separar a pele da taça de cimento e molde o copo de cimento com a espátula para assegurar que a tampa de cimento é suave ao redor e não irritar a pele mais tarde.

  11. Permitir que o cimento dental para secar completamente antes de remover o animal do aparelho. Remover o hemostats. Aplicar bacitracina a toda a volta a tampa de cimento.

  12. Uma vez que o animal está fora do instrumento estereotáxico, injetá-lo com 0,25 ml de penicilina IM (intra-muscular), seguido de 1 ml de solução salina SC (subcutânea).

  13. Coloque o animal em sua própria gaiola e monitorá-lo até que se torne consciente antes de devolvê-lo ao seu quarto para se recuperar.

  14. Acompanhar os animais até que eles se recuperar da anestesia sobre o dia da cirurgia e diariamente no pós-operatório, até o final do experimento, os sinais de infecção e avaliação da dor / sofrimento. Isto inclui fins de semana e feriados. Movimento espontâneo de baixa, vocalização angústia sobre manuseio, postura arqueada, diarréia, inchaço e descarga na área da Headmount, e falta de alimentação / beber são todos os sinais de dor e angústia. Buprenorfina (0.1-0.5mg/kg SC) é administrado duas vezes ao dia, e depois, em uma base como-necessário, se o animal parece estar com dor. Tratamento com antibiótico local (pomada bacitracina) e tratamento com antibióticos sistêmicos (penicilina 100.000 UI / kg IM a cada 12 horas para as primeiras 48 horas pós-op) são administrados se infecções pós-operatórias ocorrem. Se algum destes sintomas persistirem após a administração de buprenorfina, fluido suplementar, e tratamento com antibióticos nas primeiras 12 horas de cirurgia, o animal é sacrificado.

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Discussion: Cirurgia estereotáxica sobrevivência em Roedores

Em microdiálise in vivo é a ferramenta de escolha para medir vários neurotransmissores e metabólitos em locais distintos do cérebro de um animal vivo. No entanto, ele só monitora os níveis extracelulares de substâncias neuroquímicas e não oferece a resolução de tempo para monitorar exocitose do neurotransmissor em tempo real. Através de uma versão da técnica chamada de "net-flux", a concentração do neurotransmissor real em um determinado site pode ser calculado, que por sua vez pode dar medições precisas da taxa de recaptação de neurotransmissores através de transportadores de membrana plasmática.

Microdiálise é ideal para ilustrar as diferenças de níveis basais de neurotransmissor extracelular entre os diferentes grupos de animais (ou seja, diferentes genótipos) e em decifrar os efeitos de drogas ou outras manipulações na liberação do neurotransmissor.

A introdução de ensaios alternativa para HPLC-CE, como eletroforese capilar de zona (CZE) acoplado com detecção fluorescente aumentou o tempo de resolução de microdiálise in vivo em poucos minutos por amostra.

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Disclosures: Cirurgia estereotáxica sobrevivência em Roedores

Acknowledgements: Cirurgia estereotáxica sobrevivência em Roedores

Apoiada por DK065872 (PEV), uma Smith Award Foundation Família de Excelência em Pesquisa Biomédica (PEV), F31 DA023760.

Materials: Cirurgia estereotáxica sobrevivência em Roedores

Materials are described in the protocol document.

References: Cirurgia estereotáxica sobrevivência em Roedores

1. Bungay, P.M., Newton-Vinson P., Isele W., Garris P.A. & Justice J.B. Microdialysis of dopamine interpreted with quantitative model incorporating probe implantation trauma. J. Neurochem 86, 932-946, (2003).

2. Chen, K.C. Effects of tissue trauma on the characteristics of microdialysis zero-net-flux method sampling neurotransmitters. Journal of Theor. Biology 238, 863-881, (2006).

3. Geiger B.M., Behr G.G., Frank L., Caldera-Siu A.D., Beinfeld M.C., Kokkotou E.G., Pothos E.N. Evidence for defective mesolimbic dopamine exocytosis in obesity-prone rats. FASEB Journal, Aug; 22:2740-6,(2008).

4. Pothos, E.N., Creese, I. & Hoebel, B.G. Restricted eating with weight loss selectively decreases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and alters dopamine response to amphetamine, morphine and food intake. The Journal of Neuroscience 15, 6640-6650, (1995).

Ask the Author: Cirurgia estereotáxica sobrevivência em Roedores

21 Comments

If I undertand the study correctly, it would be interesting to report the results of rate of reuptake for neurotransmitter, which is the main purpose of the empriment. 

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Posted by: cody dingOctober 10, 2008, 6:14 PM

Calculations of the reuptake rate of neurotransmitter can indeed be accomplished through net-flux microdialysis. However, the primary objective is the measurement of basal extracellular levels of neurotransmitters and their metabolites.

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosOctober 10, 2008, 6:45 PM

The authors have wonderfully demonstrated how to perform the stereotaxic experiment in rats. However they should have added few more words on how the ear bars should be adjusted so that it shows equal readings on both the sides before the opening of skull. In my experience I have noted that before opening the skull, one should make sure that both the vernier scales of the ear bars show almost correct readings in order to make sure the skull is on the right path, failure of which might lead to the miscalculation of the stereotaxic coordinates.

Thanks and Regards,

Rajesh S Omtri.

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Posted by: RajeshOctober 12, 2008, 5:30 PM

Correct placement of the ear bars is clearly a practice effect. We usually have one of the ear bars tight in position, then insert the tight ear bar in the ipsilateral ear canal, hold it in place and slowly insert the loose ear bar on the contralateral side before tightening it down. It is desirable that the skull is centered in between the ear bars. The skull surface must be always level (parallel to the platform of the stereotaxic instrument and at 90° to the guide of the microdialysis cannula) and skin at the incision surface should be flat and present no humps. These problems occur if the ear bars are inserted incorrectly (not in the ear canal). Correct ear bar placement can be identified by gently trying to move the head of the animal up and down and left to right. Before tightening the incisor bar, up or down movement but not lateral movement should be possible. Correct placement of the ear bars in the ear canal is the most important prerequisite for accurate stereotaxic placement.

Emmanuel Pothos 

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosOctober 12, 2008, 6:16 PM

I am a scientist and I find it very hard to see such a gruesome procedure like this one. There should be a clear label on the content of videos as they can be quite disturbing, and they shouldn't be automatically broadcasted on the main website page. I wonder if the editors of this journal seriouly consider the possibility of risks the authors might face by being attacked by animal activists, and if the Principal Investigators of similar papers are held liable for exposing their students' identity to those groups while making these videos.

This message does not intend to diminish the value of the present work, but to bring this serious issue to the attention of the editors and the authors who appear on the video.

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Posted by: AnonymousOctober 20, 2008, 3:55 AM

All procedures described in this article have been reviewed by the Institutional Animal Care University Committee at Tufts Medical Center and approved as compliant with federal and state standards of animal care. JoVE also conducted a veterinary review of the article before publication; nothing was "automatically broadcasted" as the viewer claims. Animals are anesthetized before any type of brain surgery, carefully monitored for appropriate depth of anesthesia and hydration during the procedure and diligently followed up through postoperative care with analgesic medication and antibiotics until full recovery. Stereotaxic brain surgery is one of the most sophisticated procedures in live and survivable animal surgery and it normally involves minimal pain for the operated animal because of the conditions set in place as described above. Stereotaxic brain electrode placement is a procedure that has been routinely used even for humans (i.e. Parkinson's disease patients) and such operations have been repeatedly broadcasted over the Internet from several hospitals for educational purposes. In some of these cases, the discomfort of the patient is so minimal that general anesthesia is not used and the patient is awake during surgery and able to respond to questions from the surgeons, who use the patient's response to assess the accurate placement of the electrode in the brain. The whole process in animals or humans is elegant, effective and high technology driven, not gruesome and painful.

We appreciate the concern of the viewer about safety issues, but scientists have to take responsibility for their own work and it is not appropriate to publish it anonymously, being in this journal or elsewhere. Otherwise, the whole concept of the validity of peer-reviewed research and accountability of authors for their work is negated. There are numerous pieces of published work in different journals, including dissection videos, autopsies of animal tissue, images of animals etc. that can potentially be used by extremists to target the authors. Censoring scientific journals and scientists cannot eliminate this possibility.

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosOctober 20, 2008, 8:30 AM

Stereotaxic surgery should be performed under aseptic conditions. The surgeon shoud have a cap, mask, and surgery gloves. She should not be touching non sterile items while doing surgery, i.e. pens, cannula etc. Ophthalmic ointment is essential. Hemostats are not good  skin retractors as they damage tissue. There are antibiotics that can be given subcutaneously, which is easier and less painful to give.

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Posted by: AnonymousFebruary 2, 2009, 4:18 PM

There is not such a thing as sterile stereotaxic surgery in living animals. The mere presence of a living animal on the table with its fur, bodily fluids etc. negates sterile conditions. Doing the procedure under a culture hood with negative air flow is also not advisable as it limits access to the animal from all angles, it makes it more difficult for the animal to maintain appropriate temperature due to the air flow and it contaminates the hood area, which is counterintuitive particularly if the hood is used for cell cultures. The most appropriate actions are to sterilize the components used for the surgery (i.e. cannula and skull screws) prior to use, sterilize all insrtruments before surgery and during surgery as needed and maintain as clean of an environment as possible in the incision area by shaving away the fur and treating with povidine prior to the incision. Gloves should be used, face mask and cap will not hurt but none of the above will ensure sterile conditions.

There is a variety of skin retractors available, we have not found that hemostats are worse than others in damaging tissue.

Antibiotics given subcutaneoulsy are acceptable, but not as long lasting as those given intramuscularly. In any case, the easiest antibiotic to administer is bacitracin, right around the headcup of the animal.

Emmanuel

 

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosApril 22, 2009, 5:43 PM

Suggestion for dental cement:  My lab uses a UV dental acrylic that is much easier to handle.  The acrylic sets when exposed to a UV light in about 10 seconds, and we do not need to use bone screws to secure the cap.  However, I'm guessing that the UV acrylic is more expensive.  Its available from Pentron.

Oh, and don't forget eye lube.

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Posted by: AnonymousNovember 1, 2008, 10:56 PM

We have tried in the past to use dental cements that their manufacturer claims do not require head screws.  We were not convinced. In many cases the cement head cup came off as one piece as we were trying to implant the microdialysis probe. Using sterile head screws is the best way to ensure that the cement cup will be securely attached to the skull. Any other method shaves off about 20 min from each surgery but it increases the probability that the cup will come off and waste the entire procedure. Suppliers do tend to charge more for cements that supposedly work without head screws so in the long run this is not cost effective. 

Eye lube as an eye protectant is indeed a very good precaution for this procedure. 

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosNovember 1, 2008, 11:12 PM

Nice demonstration of stereotaxic surgery in rats.

I think that the best way to control that the skull is perfectly flat (parallel to the platform) would to check the height coordinates at the bregma and at the lambda using the canula as recommended in the stereotaxic atlas. That might not be a problem for ICV canulation since the ventricle are quite big but for canulation in a specific structure or nucleus it is critical. 

I usually use only 4 screws but I guess 6 are necessary for a microdialysis probe.

Also, do you calculate the coordinates from the surface of the skull or from the dura ?

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Posted by: AnonymousDecember 2, 2008, 11:30 PM

We calculate steotactic coordinates from the skull surface.

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosDecember 3, 2008, 12:11 AM

how can i download (Survivable Stereotaxic Surgery in Rodents) thanks

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Posted by: maryamDecember 18, 2008, 5:18 AM

Hi.  Please contact us at support@jove.com.

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Posted by: AnonymousApril 17, 2009, 11:09 AM

ı can not understand that why u r doing such as these trials for understanding brain mechanism, cuz I believe that if somethings can not explained naturally, we also can not understand exactly

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Posted by: Ayla ArslanJanuary 7, 2009, 7:54 AM

Hey, it is obvious that you are not Dr. Ayla Arslan, then who are you? it seems like you are one of her students using her name as a nick as she always recommend JoVE during her Biopsychology lectures. :)))))))

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Posted by: celimusti93October 31, 2009, 6:14 PM

Hi

 

              I am khalid a Ph.D scholar in deptt of pharmacy,university of Peshawar Pakistan.Its really great contribution to science and i eally enjoyed and learnt alot from the movie of Survivable Stereotaxic Surgery in Rodents

thanks indeed and keep up this great work.

khalid rauf

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Posted by: khalid raufFebruary 26, 2009, 10:56 AM

Wow, you guys really do not knwo what you are doing.

Why would you use the archaic acrylic dental cement when you could use Glass Ionomer Luting Cement?

Why didnt you anesthiatize with O2 delivered isofluorine?

Why did you not sue a stereotaxic drill?

Why was the cement applied so sloppy?

Why do you not use a digittal display for the coordinates, it ensures much more precise surgeries.

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Posted by: DaveMarch 12, 2009, 9:38 PM

Hi Dave,

How does the Glass Ionomer Luting Cement compare with the Light-cured Dental Adhesive Resin listed in this journal by Okamura lab?

Look forward to hearing from  you.

Thanks,

Jim

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Posted by: JimMarch 15, 2009, 12:35 PM

In our hands, dental acrylic is the only cement that ensured headcups stayed on for several weeks when used in combination with 6 skull screws. Emmanuel

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosApril 22, 2009, 4:04 PM

Do you use any preanesthetic medications?

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Posted by: Vijay BenadeSeptember 19, 2009, 12:51 PM

Usually not, if the animal suffers from CRD (chronic respiratory disease) you can pretreat with atropine to facilitate breathing. However, CRD is an indication of substandard conditions in the animal colony (infrequent change of bedding, poor air flow etc.). If you have animals with CRD, consult with your veterinarian to improve your facility and check on your source for laboratory animals, whether commercial or another lab, for facility conditions as well.

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Posted by: AnonymousOctober 18, 2012, 6:29 PM


I am an undergraduate at the University of California, Santa Barbara doing an Honor's thesis project on the rat dorsal Raphe nucleus. In my project, I need to implant a cannula into the dRN, but am concerned about profuse sagittal sinus bleeding if I go through the midline. I noticed in other papers they often go into the DRN at about a 30 degree angle, in order to avoid this issue and also to avoid the cerebral aqueduct. As the angled cannula is a more complicated procedure, for me it would be easiest to place the cannula at the midline, and I'm wondering what's the best way to deal with these issues, such as how bleeding is stopped or slowed down, how it can be avoided, how many animals I can expect to lose, etc. Any advice would be much appreciated!

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Posted by: Oren OferOctober 27, 2009, 3:54 PM

The angled approach is the best, but if you encounter sagittal sinus bleeding make sure to put in place large cotton tips from a sterile bag, press gently for a few minutes to slow down blood flow and leave on until blood has clotted. Then very carefully remove cotton tip to avoid breaking the blood clot. Although this bleeding would be fatal in humans, it usually is not fatal in rats. Emmanuel

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Posted by: AnonymousOctober 18, 2012, 6:34 PM

nice job.
just some comments:
the membrane (after cuting the skin to expose the skull) should be carefully and totally removed - this decrease the chances of the acrylic fall off.
if you do a small cut, 1 or 2 screw would be enough.
another important thing, regarding guide cannula is that it should be obstruct after surgery so that no reflux happens and nothing enters for this hole - if this happens you can loose all you surgery. If, when you try to put a needle inside for drug injection (p.ex) and it doesnt enters, you can use a some H2O2 to open it (in case of blood coaguation)

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Posted by: AnonymousDecember 11, 2009, 4:52 PM

We use obdurators to seal off guide cannulas post-op. We avoid using only 1-2 screws no matter what the size of the incision, this is clearly inadequate anchoring for the headcup and it will come off in a matter of a few days at best. It really pays off to anchor the headcup with as many screws as you can. Emmanuel

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Posted by: AnonymousOctober 18, 2012, 6:46 PM

Oh! another thing...
would be really good to use local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor before cutting the scalpe.
this will minimize animal nociception and will avoid excessive bleeding.
but not toooooo much, other wise wont be god to animals, and we also see some increase of infeccion

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Posted by: AnonymousDecember 11, 2009, 4:57 PM

The authors and our attending veterinarian would like to add the following information to the article, which was not otherwise clearly stated or shown and may be of help to readers and viewers:
1) After anesthesia and prior to surgery, eye lubricant was applied to protect the corneas of the animals.
2) Prior to inserting the ear bars into the rats' ears, lidocaine gel was applied to provide analgesia.
3) All rats did receive an initial dose of buprenorphine following the surgeries and then were given subsequent doses on an as needed basis. This was not clear in the video or text.
4) The dose of penicillin given was 100,000 IU/kg.
All of the above measures were approved in our IACUC protocol for this procedure and our attending veterinarian has reviewed and verified these additional comments.

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosApril 28, 2010, 3:07 PM

is it better that ketamine is better than halothan as a anesthetic agent

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Posted by: Ravi S.May 14, 2010, 2:16 AM

my just quest is how the hole in the skull is closed/filled? Did you leave it for natural tissue growth or use gelatin or something else.thanks

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Posted by: i hatip-al-khatibMay 14, 2010, 9:48 AM

In our case the guide cannula leaves very little space to add anything else. Some of my colleagues are using bone wax or gelatin for larger openings. Emmanuel

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Posted by: AnonymousOctober 18, 2012, 6:41 PM

No flash please

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Posted by: AnonymousAugust 8, 2010, 1:31 PM

Overall a nice video, but there are a few things that should be done to improve aseptic technique. The eyes need to be lubricated prior to shaving to protect them from the hair and from dessication. To reduce infections a surgical drape should be used, along with a surgical mask. Lastly, pointing with a sterile instrument would have been better.

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Posted by: M Lucas, DVMNovember 5, 2010, 6:34 PM

It is a very nice presentation, I would like to add a little in it . When the animal id fixed with ear bars and the scale on ear bar and the scale of sterotaxic base should be equidistant
See in video your demo point 02:51.

Varsha

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Posted by: Varsha SharmaMay 24, 2011, 3:35 AM

Im a 4th year Psych Honours student doing a project that needs me to implant canulas into the infralimbic. I just did my second practice surgery today, and it was terrible. The cannulas were mislocated, it took me an hour to put in 4 bone screws, and they went through the skull, and the dental cement ran into its eyes, and Im just glad that rat was put down before it woke up because there is no way it would have survived. I've always been sort of clumsy, and I have to do 35 of these, and half my year is gone and I dont have time to come up with another project.
So yeah, Im freaking out right now,

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Posted by: Nadia May 30, 2011, 8:58 AM

Hi Nadia,
It seems you do not have adequate training and supervision to perform this procedure. It is essential that a member of your laboratory team with extensive experience in stereotactic surgery, if not the primary investigator directly and the head veterinarian for your institution's animal facility, should go over things with you multiple times and actively do the procedure with you before any further attempts. You have to ensure the animal's welfare, lack of pain and recovery during and after the procedure if you wish to be anywhere close to acceptable standards. In my opinion, brain stereotactic surgery is an advanced procedure that should be used only with the maximum of caution and the best of training for undergraduate projects. If the animal facility or your faculty supervisor do not have the time or the skills to train you properly, then it would be best to choose something else for your thesis project. Best, Emmanuel

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosMay 30, 2011, 10:46 AM

Hi everyone,

Just a quick question, after attaching the ear bar I have realized that it takes me quite a while after making an incision in the skull to expose the bregma and lambda. Any suggestions?

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Posted by: Jin P.November 5, 2012, 6:41 PM

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