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Survivable chirurgie stéréotaxique chez les rongeurs

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Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University

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Cite this Article: Survivable chirurgie stéréotaxique chez les rongeurs

Geiger, B. M., Frank, L. E., Caldera-Siu, A. D., Pothos, E. N. Survivable Stereotaxic Surgery in Rodents . J. Vis. Exp. (20), e880, doi:10.3791/880 (2008).

Abstract: Survivable chirurgie stéréotaxique chez les rongeurs

La capacité de mesurer extracellulaire niveaux de base de neurotransmetteurs dans le cerveau d'animaux éveillés permet la détermination des effets des différents défis systémiques (pharmacologiques ou physiologiques) dans le SNC. Par exemple, on peut mesurer directement la manière dont les projections de l'animal dopamine du mésencéphale répondre à la dopamine libérant des médicaments comme des stimuli d-amphétamine ou naturels, comme la nourriture. Dans cette vidéo, nous vous montrons comment implanter canules Guide cibler des sites spécifiques du cerveau de rat, comment insérer et implanter une sonde de microdialyse et comment utiliser la chromatographie liquide haute performance couplée à une détection électrochimique (HPLC-EC) pour mesurer les niveaux extracellulaires de neurotransmetteurs oxydables et des métabolites. Local précise l'introduction de la drogue à travers la sonde de microdialyse permet un travail affiné sur la spécificité du site dans le mécanisme un composé s de l'action. Cette technique a anatomiques et une résolution excellentes chimiques, mais seulement une résolution temporelle modestes que des échantillons de microdialyse sont habituellement traitées toutes les 20-30 minutes pour assurer des niveaux de neurotransmetteurs détectable. Complémentaire des outils ex vivo (c'est à dire, trancher et de culture de cellules électrophysiologie) peut aider à la surveillance en temps réel la neurotransmission.

Protocol: Survivable chirurgie stéréotaxique chez les rongeurs

Résumé

Deux mois en moyenne l'âge des souris C57BL/6J ou équivalent ou trois mois en moyenne l'âge des rats Sprague-Dawley ou équivalent sont anesthésiés à la kétamine (60 mg / kg ip pour le rat, 100 mg / kg ip chez la souris) et de xylazine (10 mg / kg, ip pour les deux espèces). La sédation est surveillé par un pincement de l'orteil douce retirer réflexes démontré dans Walantus et al. (Jupiter, 6, 2007) et Szot et al. (Jupiter, 9, 2007). Thermorégulation peut être fournie par un coussin chauffant thermostatregulated (ALA Instruments Inc) et surveillé par un thermomètre rectal. Tête est rasée de la fourrure et nettoyé avec de l'iode avant l'incision. Après incision de la peau (2 cm de long pour les rats, 1 cm de long pour les souris) et la suppression de tous les tissus mous de la surface du crâne, le placement de la canule guide est déterminée par rapport au bregma. Un trou de 6 mm est percé dans le crâne avec une perceuse à piles conçu pour la chirurgie des rongeurs (Outils Fine Science, Inc.) Les soins sont prises afin que le foret ne pénètre pas à travers les membranes méningées ou des vaisseaux sanguins. Crâne est implanté avec bilatérale 5 mm 21 inoxydable de calibre arbres de guidage en acier menant à niveau du noyau accumbens postérieure, striatum dorsal ou cortex préfrontal. Les coordonnées stéréotaxiques sont établis selon Franklin et Paxinos, 1997 (le cerveau de souris en coordonnées stéréotaxiques, Academic Press) ou Paxinos et Watson, 2006 (le cerveau du rat dans les coordonnées stéréotaxiques, Academic Press). Les implants sont garantis par un ciment dentaire. Un bolus de Ringer de la solution saline à 0,9% est donnée à la fin de la chirurgie (5mls SC chez le rat et 1 ml SC chez la souris après fluides sont réchauffé à la température normale du corps) pour éviter la déshydratation. La buprénorphine (0.1-0.5mg/kg SC) est administré deux fois par jour et, ensuite, sur une base comme-nécessaire, si l'animal semble être dans la douleur. Traitement antibiotique local (pommade de bacitracine) et un traitement systémique par antibiotiques (pénicilline 100 000 UI / kg IM toutes les 12 heures pendant les 48 premières heures post-opératoires) sont administrés si infections post-opératoires se produisent.

Après la chirurgie, les animaux sont logés individuellement avec de la nourriture et l'eau ad libitum disponibles. Au moins une semaine est autorisé pour la récupération, avant de microdialyse et l'euthanasie. Après récupération de la chirurgie, les animaux sont transférés dans une cage et les sondes de microdialyse microdialyse sont insérés et cimenté dans le puits guide qui ont été installés pendant la chirurgie. Sonde d'insertion ne cause pas de douleur ou d'inconfort, car la sonde est court-circuitant les tissus cutanés, les muscles et méningé travers l'arbre de guidage. Par conséquent, insertion de la sonde se fait sans anesthésie et les effets induits par l'anesthésie sur la neurochimie ou de comportement sont évités. Nous laissons les sondes se stabiliser pendant 12 heures, puis on commence l'échantillonnage toutes les 30 minutes pour un autre 8-12 heures en fonction de l'expérience. Nous surveillons le comportement locomoteur de l'animal grâce à des cellules photoélectriques ou l'enregistrement manuel du mouvement par l'expérimentateur. Échantillons microdialysat sont injectés dans une chromatographie liquide haute performance avec détection électrochimique (HPLC-EC) pour la détection de l'instrument neurochimiques et d'analyse. Nous recherchons des effets sur la neurochimie basale et le comportement locomoteur. A la fin de l'expérience de l'animal est euthanasié par une surdose de kétamine systémique (200 mg / kg ip) et de xylazine (20 mg / kg, ip). Alors le coeur est perfusé avec une solution saline à 0,9% suivie par 4% de paraformaldéhyde. Les cerveaux sont prélevés, congelés et couper le long des voies de sonde de microdialyse pour vérifier le placement de sonde précis.

Procédure

  1. Mettre en place l'instrument stéréotaxique et tout le matériel nécessaire. Assurez-vous que la zone et les instruments sont nettoyés et stérilisés.

  2. Raser la fourrure avec un rasoir électrique. Aller de l'oreille à juste-entre les yeux, se déplacer de rasoir dans différentes directions pour nettoyer efficacement domaine de la fourrure. Appliquer povidine / iode zone rasée, mais de protéger les yeux contre elle.

  3. Mont de l'animal sur l'appareil de stéréotaxie en plaçant les barres d'oreille dans le canal auditif et le resserrement en place. Premier montage barre une oreille dans le canal auditif, puis le maintenir en place et faire glisser dans la barre de l'autre oreille. Vous savez que vous êtes au bon endroit quand la tête ne peut plus être déplacé latéralement. Fixez la bouche avec la monture antérieure de la stéréotaxie et assurez-vous que la tête est de niveau avec une règle. Mettez le souverain dans une position verticale par rapport à la plate-forme instrument stéréotaxique et vérifier pour un angle de 90 ° entre le souverain et le milieu du cuir chevelu de l'animal). Confirmez ce à travers l'instrument stéréotaxique si elle offre une telle capacité.

  4. Faire une incision antérieure / postérieure sur le cuir chevelu avec un scalpel stérile s'étend de la lambda à juste entre les yeux de l'animal. Utilisez hémostatiques stérilisés pour pincer la peau et de garder l'incision ouverte. Utilisation de plusieurs tampons de coton stérile, sécher la surface du crâne exposé.

  5. Mettez la canule guider sur sa monture, trouver bregma sur le crâne, et la position de la droite guider la canule plus cet endroit. Notez les coordonnées antérieur / postérieur et latéral. Du bregma, trouver les coordonnées nécessaires pour corriger le placement de votre sonde à l'aide de l'atlas stéréotaxique. Position de la canule guide des coordonnées correctes en ajoutant ou en soustrayant de bregma. Apportez votre canule guider jusqu'à ce qu'il touche le crâne, puis enregistrer cette coordonnée ventrale. Faites une marque au crayon avec un crayon stériles à cet endroit sur le crâne, c'est là que vous serez de forage.

  6. Retirer la canule guide et stériliser votre foret. Soigneusement percer un trou à la marque de crayon jusqu'à ce que vous passer à travers la largeur du crâne. Vérifiez auprès de la canule guide pour voir si elle serait effacer le trou sans toucher les côtés. Gardez le forage et la vérification jusqu'à ce que la canule peut claire dans le droit chemin. Une fois le trou est fait, l'utilisation d'une aiguille stérile pour doucement coup les méninges afin de permettre l'insertion sans obstruction de la canule.

  7. Ensuite, en utilisant une perceuse à main, de faire six trous pour les vis du crâne: deux en avant de l'orifice une canule, deux latéraux du trou canule, et deux postérieures vers les côtés. Stériliser six vis et les placer sur le crâne jusqu'à ce qu'ils soient solidement ancrés sur.

  8. Nettoyer la canule guide avec l'éthanol et la solution saline, monter, et abaissez lentement à la bonne coordination ventrale. Assurez-vous que les côtés ne se touchent pas et qu'il va dans parfaitement vertical.

  9. Placez la vis d'ancrage en dedans et derrière le crâne vis postérieure et le maintenir en place avec des pincettes. Mélanger un lot mince de ciment dentaire liquide et couvrent la canule guide, vis, et le reste du crâne avec une spatule stérile. Faire un autre lot, plus épais cette fois, et couvrir complètement la zone et la vis de la canule et d'ancrage suffisant pour le sécuriser.

  10. Comme le ciment devient plus épaisse et avant qu'il ne se solidifie, séparer la peau de la Coupe du ciment et du moule de la Coupe du ciment avec la spatule pour s'assurer que le bouchon de ciment est lisse tout autour et n'irrite pas la peau plus tard.

  11. Laisser le ciment dentaire sécher complètement avant d'enlever l'animal de l'appareil. Retirez les pinces hémostatiques. Appliquer la bacitracine tout autour du bouchon de ciment.

  12. Une fois l'animal hors de l'instrument stéréotaxique, y injecter 0,25 ml de pénicilline IM (intra-musculaire), suivi par 1 ml de solution saline SC (sous-cutanée).

  13. Placez l'animal dans sa cage et de le surveiller jusqu'à ce qu'elle devienne consciente avant de le retourner à sa salle de récupérer.

  14. Surveiller les animaux jusqu'à ce qu'ils se remettre de l'anesthésie, le jour de la chirurgie et post-op quotidienne, jusqu'à la fin de l'expérience, des signes d'infection et de l'évaluation de la douleur / détresse. Cela inclut les week-ends et jours fériés. Faible mouvement spontané, la vocalisation de détresse lors de la manipulation, une posture voûtée, la diarrhée, de l'enflure et la décharge dans le domaine de l'headmount, et le manque d'alimentation / boisson sont tous des signes de douleur et de détresse. La buprénorphine (0.1-0.5mg/kg SC) est administré deux fois par jour, puis, sur une base comme-nécessaire, si l'animal semble être dans la douleur. Traitement antibiotique local (pommade de bacitracine) et un traitement systémique par antibiotiques (pénicilline 100 000 UI / kg IM toutes les 12 heures pendant les 48 premières heures post-opératoires) sont administrés si infections post-opératoires se produisent. Si aucun de ces symptômes persistent après l'administration de la buprénorphine, le fluide supplémentaire, et un traitement antibiotique dans les 12 heures de la chirurgie, l'animal est euthanasié.

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Discussion: Survivable chirurgie stéréotaxique chez les rongeurs

En microdialyse in vivo est l'outil de choix pour mesurer les neurotransmetteurs multiples et de ses métabolites dans des sites distincts du cerveau d'un animal vivant. Cependant, il ne contrôle que les niveaux extracellulaires de neurotransmetteurs et il n'offre pas la résolution de temps pour surveiller l'exocytose des neurotransmetteurs en temps réel. Grâce à une version de la technique appelée «net-flux», la concentration des neurotransmetteurs réelles sur un site donné peut être calculé, ce qui peut donner des mesures précises du taux de neurotransmetteurs du recaptage de la grâce des transporteurs membranaires du plasma.

Microdialyse est idéal pour illustrer les différences de niveaux de neurotransmetteurs basale extracellulaire entre les différents groupes d'animaux (à savoir les différents génotypes) et à déchiffrer les effets des médicaments ou autres manipulations sur la libération des neurotransmetteurs.

L'introduction de tests alternatifs à la HPLC-CE comme l'électrophorèse capillaire de zone (CZE) couplée à une détection fluorescente a augmenté le temps de résolution de la microdialyse in vivo en quelques minutes par échantillon.

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Disclosures: Survivable chirurgie stéréotaxique chez les rongeurs

Acknowledgements: Survivable chirurgie stéréotaxique chez les rongeurs

Soutenu par DK065872 (PEV), un Prix Smith Family Foundation de l'excellence en recherche biomédicale (PEV), F31 DA023760.

Materials: Survivable chirurgie stéréotaxique chez les rongeurs

Materials are described in the protocol document.

References: Survivable chirurgie stéréotaxique chez les rongeurs

1. Bungay, P.M., Newton-Vinson P., Isele W., Garris P.A. & Justice J.B. Microdialysis of dopamine interpreted with quantitative model incorporating probe implantation trauma. J. Neurochem 86, 932-946, (2003).

2. Chen, K.C. Effects of tissue trauma on the characteristics of microdialysis zero-net-flux method sampling neurotransmitters. Journal of Theor. Biology 238, 863-881, (2006).

3. Geiger B.M., Behr G.G., Frank L., Caldera-Siu A.D., Beinfeld M.C., Kokkotou E.G., Pothos E.N. Evidence for defective mesolimbic dopamine exocytosis in obesity-prone rats. FASEB Journal, Aug; 22:2740-6,(2008).

4. Pothos, E.N., Creese, I. & Hoebel, B.G. Restricted eating with weight loss selectively decreases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and alters dopamine response to amphetamine, morphine and food intake. The Journal of Neuroscience 15, 6640-6650, (1995).

Ask the Author: Survivable chirurgie stéréotaxique chez les rongeurs

21 Comments

If I undertand the study correctly, it would be interesting to report the results of rate of reuptake for neurotransmitter, which is the main purpose of the empriment. 

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Posted by: cody dingOctober 10, 2008, 6:14 PM

Calculations of the reuptake rate of neurotransmitter can indeed be accomplished through net-flux microdialysis. However, the primary objective is the measurement of basal extracellular levels of neurotransmitters and their metabolites.

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosOctober 10, 2008, 6:45 PM

The authors have wonderfully demonstrated how to perform the stereotaxic experiment in rats. However they should have added few more words on how the ear bars should be adjusted so that it shows equal readings on both the sides before the opening of skull. In my experience I have noted that before opening the skull, one should make sure that both the vernier scales of the ear bars show almost correct readings in order to make sure the skull is on the right path, failure of which might lead to the miscalculation of the stereotaxic coordinates.

Thanks and Regards,

Rajesh S Omtri.

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Posted by: RajeshOctober 12, 2008, 5:30 PM

Correct placement of the ear bars is clearly a practice effect. We usually have one of the ear bars tight in position, then insert the tight ear bar in the ipsilateral ear canal, hold it in place and slowly insert the loose ear bar on the contralateral side before tightening it down. It is desirable that the skull is centered in between the ear bars. The skull surface must be always level (parallel to the platform of the stereotaxic instrument and at 90° to the guide of the microdialysis cannula) and skin at the incision surface should be flat and present no humps. These problems occur if the ear bars are inserted incorrectly (not in the ear canal). Correct ear bar placement can be identified by gently trying to move the head of the animal up and down and left to right. Before tightening the incisor bar, up or down movement but not lateral movement should be possible. Correct placement of the ear bars in the ear canal is the most important prerequisite for accurate stereotaxic placement.

Emmanuel Pothos 

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosOctober 12, 2008, 6:16 PM

I am a scientist and I find it very hard to see such a gruesome procedure like this one. There should be a clear label on the content of videos as they can be quite disturbing, and they shouldn't be automatically broadcasted on the main website page. I wonder if the editors of this journal seriouly consider the possibility of risks the authors might face by being attacked by animal activists, and if the Principal Investigators of similar papers are held liable for exposing their students' identity to those groups while making these videos.

This message does not intend to diminish the value of the present work, but to bring this serious issue to the attention of the editors and the authors who appear on the video.

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Posted by: AnonymousOctober 20, 2008, 3:55 AM

All procedures described in this article have been reviewed by the Institutional Animal Care University Committee at Tufts Medical Center and approved as compliant with federal and state standards of animal care. JoVE also conducted a veterinary review of the article before publication; nothing was "automatically broadcasted" as the viewer claims. Animals are anesthetized before any type of brain surgery, carefully monitored for appropriate depth of anesthesia and hydration during the procedure and diligently followed up through postoperative care with analgesic medication and antibiotics until full recovery. Stereotaxic brain surgery is one of the most sophisticated procedures in live and survivable animal surgery and it normally involves minimal pain for the operated animal because of the conditions set in place as described above. Stereotaxic brain electrode placement is a procedure that has been routinely used even for humans (i.e. Parkinson's disease patients) and such operations have been repeatedly broadcasted over the Internet from several hospitals for educational purposes. In some of these cases, the discomfort of the patient is so minimal that general anesthesia is not used and the patient is awake during surgery and able to respond to questions from the surgeons, who use the patient's response to assess the accurate placement of the electrode in the brain. The whole process in animals or humans is elegant, effective and high technology driven, not gruesome and painful.

We appreciate the concern of the viewer about safety issues, but scientists have to take responsibility for their own work and it is not appropriate to publish it anonymously, being in this journal or elsewhere. Otherwise, the whole concept of the validity of peer-reviewed research and accountability of authors for their work is negated. There are numerous pieces of published work in different journals, including dissection videos, autopsies of animal tissue, images of animals etc. that can potentially be used by extremists to target the authors. Censoring scientific journals and scientists cannot eliminate this possibility.

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosOctober 20, 2008, 8:30 AM

Stereotaxic surgery should be performed under aseptic conditions. The surgeon shoud have a cap, mask, and surgery gloves. She should not be touching non sterile items while doing surgery, i.e. pens, cannula etc. Ophthalmic ointment is essential. Hemostats are not good  skin retractors as they damage tissue. There are antibiotics that can be given subcutaneously, which is easier and less painful to give.

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Posted by: AnonymousFebruary 2, 2009, 4:18 PM

There is not such a thing as sterile stereotaxic surgery in living animals. The mere presence of a living animal on the table with its fur, bodily fluids etc. negates sterile conditions. Doing the procedure under a culture hood with negative air flow is also not advisable as it limits access to the animal from all angles, it makes it more difficult for the animal to maintain appropriate temperature due to the air flow and it contaminates the hood area, which is counterintuitive particularly if the hood is used for cell cultures. The most appropriate actions are to sterilize the components used for the surgery (i.e. cannula and skull screws) prior to use, sterilize all insrtruments before surgery and during surgery as needed and maintain as clean of an environment as possible in the incision area by shaving away the fur and treating with povidine prior to the incision. Gloves should be used, face mask and cap will not hurt but none of the above will ensure sterile conditions.

There is a variety of skin retractors available, we have not found that hemostats are worse than others in damaging tissue.

Antibiotics given subcutaneoulsy are acceptable, but not as long lasting as those given intramuscularly. In any case, the easiest antibiotic to administer is bacitracin, right around the headcup of the animal.

Emmanuel

 

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosApril 22, 2009, 5:43 PM

Suggestion for dental cement:  My lab uses a UV dental acrylic that is much easier to handle.  The acrylic sets when exposed to a UV light in about 10 seconds, and we do not need to use bone screws to secure the cap.  However, I'm guessing that the UV acrylic is more expensive.  Its available from Pentron.

Oh, and don't forget eye lube.

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Posted by: AnonymousNovember 1, 2008, 10:56 PM

We have tried in the past to use dental cements that their manufacturer claims do not require head screws.  We were not convinced. In many cases the cement head cup came off as one piece as we were trying to implant the microdialysis probe. Using sterile head screws is the best way to ensure that the cement cup will be securely attached to the skull. Any other method shaves off about 20 min from each surgery but it increases the probability that the cup will come off and waste the entire procedure. Suppliers do tend to charge more for cements that supposedly work without head screws so in the long run this is not cost effective. 

Eye lube as an eye protectant is indeed a very good precaution for this procedure. 

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosNovember 1, 2008, 11:12 PM

Nice demonstration of stereotaxic surgery in rats.

I think that the best way to control that the skull is perfectly flat (parallel to the platform) would to check the height coordinates at the bregma and at the lambda using the canula as recommended in the stereotaxic atlas. That might not be a problem for ICV canulation since the ventricle are quite big but for canulation in a specific structure or nucleus it is critical. 

I usually use only 4 screws but I guess 6 are necessary for a microdialysis probe.

Also, do you calculate the coordinates from the surface of the skull or from the dura ?

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Posted by: AnonymousDecember 2, 2008, 11:30 PM

We calculate steotactic coordinates from the skull surface.

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosDecember 3, 2008, 12:11 AM

how can i download (Survivable Stereotaxic Surgery in Rodents) thanks

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Posted by: maryamDecember 18, 2008, 5:18 AM

Hi.  Please contact us at support@jove.com.

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Posted by: AnonymousApril 17, 2009, 11:09 AM

ı can not understand that why u r doing such as these trials for understanding brain mechanism, cuz I believe that if somethings can not explained naturally, we also can not understand exactly

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Posted by: Ayla ArslanJanuary 7, 2009, 7:54 AM

Hey, it is obvious that you are not Dr. Ayla Arslan, then who are you? it seems like you are one of her students using her name as a nick as she always recommend JoVE during her Biopsychology lectures. :)))))))

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Posted by: celimusti93October 31, 2009, 6:14 PM

Hi

 

              I am khalid a Ph.D scholar in deptt of pharmacy,university of Peshawar Pakistan.Its really great contribution to science and i eally enjoyed and learnt alot from the movie of Survivable Stereotaxic Surgery in Rodents

thanks indeed and keep up this great work.

khalid rauf

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Posted by: khalid raufFebruary 26, 2009, 10:56 AM

Wow, you guys really do not knwo what you are doing.

Why would you use the archaic acrylic dental cement when you could use Glass Ionomer Luting Cement?

Why didnt you anesthiatize with O2 delivered isofluorine?

Why did you not sue a stereotaxic drill?

Why was the cement applied so sloppy?

Why do you not use a digittal display for the coordinates, it ensures much more precise surgeries.

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Posted by: DaveMarch 12, 2009, 9:38 PM

Hi Dave,

How does the Glass Ionomer Luting Cement compare with the Light-cured Dental Adhesive Resin listed in this journal by Okamura lab?

Look forward to hearing from  you.

Thanks,

Jim

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Posted by: JimMarch 15, 2009, 12:35 PM

In our hands, dental acrylic is the only cement that ensured headcups stayed on for several weeks when used in combination with 6 skull screws. Emmanuel

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosApril 22, 2009, 4:04 PM

Do you use any preanesthetic medications?

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Posted by: Vijay BenadeSeptember 19, 2009, 12:51 PM

Usually not, if the animal suffers from CRD (chronic respiratory disease) you can pretreat with atropine to facilitate breathing. However, CRD is an indication of substandard conditions in the animal colony (infrequent change of bedding, poor air flow etc.). If you have animals with CRD, consult with your veterinarian to improve your facility and check on your source for laboratory animals, whether commercial or another lab, for facility conditions as well.

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Posted by: AnonymousOctober 18, 2012, 6:29 PM


I am an undergraduate at the University of California, Santa Barbara doing an Honor's thesis project on the rat dorsal Raphe nucleus. In my project, I need to implant a cannula into the dRN, but am concerned about profuse sagittal sinus bleeding if I go through the midline. I noticed in other papers they often go into the DRN at about a 30 degree angle, in order to avoid this issue and also to avoid the cerebral aqueduct. As the angled cannula is a more complicated procedure, for me it would be easiest to place the cannula at the midline, and I'm wondering what's the best way to deal with these issues, such as how bleeding is stopped or slowed down, how it can be avoided, how many animals I can expect to lose, etc. Any advice would be much appreciated!

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Posted by: Oren OferOctober 27, 2009, 3:54 PM

The angled approach is the best, but if you encounter sagittal sinus bleeding make sure to put in place large cotton tips from a sterile bag, press gently for a few minutes to slow down blood flow and leave on until blood has clotted. Then very carefully remove cotton tip to avoid breaking the blood clot. Although this bleeding would be fatal in humans, it usually is not fatal in rats. Emmanuel

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Posted by: AnonymousOctober 18, 2012, 6:34 PM

nice job.
just some comments:
the membrane (after cuting the skin to expose the skull) should be carefully and totally removed - this decrease the chances of the acrylic fall off.
if you do a small cut, 1 or 2 screw would be enough.
another important thing, regarding guide cannula is that it should be obstruct after surgery so that no reflux happens and nothing enters for this hole - if this happens you can loose all you surgery. If, when you try to put a needle inside for drug injection (p.ex) and it doesnt enters, you can use a some H2O2 to open it (in case of blood coaguation)

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Posted by: AnonymousDecember 11, 2009, 4:52 PM

We use obdurators to seal off guide cannulas post-op. We avoid using only 1-2 screws no matter what the size of the incision, this is clearly inadequate anchoring for the headcup and it will come off in a matter of a few days at best. It really pays off to anchor the headcup with as many screws as you can. Emmanuel

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Posted by: AnonymousOctober 18, 2012, 6:46 PM

Oh! another thing...
would be really good to use local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor before cutting the scalpe.
this will minimize animal nociception and will avoid excessive bleeding.
but not toooooo much, other wise wont be god to animals, and we also see some increase of infeccion

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Posted by: AnonymousDecember 11, 2009, 4:57 PM

The authors and our attending veterinarian would like to add the following information to the article, which was not otherwise clearly stated or shown and may be of help to readers and viewers:
1) After anesthesia and prior to surgery, eye lubricant was applied to protect the corneas of the animals.
2) Prior to inserting the ear bars into the rats' ears, lidocaine gel was applied to provide analgesia.
3) All rats did receive an initial dose of buprenorphine following the surgeries and then were given subsequent doses on an as needed basis. This was not clear in the video or text.
4) The dose of penicillin given was 100,000 IU/kg.
All of the above measures were approved in our IACUC protocol for this procedure and our attending veterinarian has reviewed and verified these additional comments.

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosApril 28, 2010, 3:07 PM

is it better that ketamine is better than halothan as a anesthetic agent

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Posted by: Ravi S.May 14, 2010, 2:16 AM

my just quest is how the hole in the skull is closed/filled? Did you leave it for natural tissue growth or use gelatin or something else.thanks

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Posted by: i hatip-al-khatibMay 14, 2010, 9:48 AM

In our case the guide cannula leaves very little space to add anything else. Some of my colleagues are using bone wax or gelatin for larger openings. Emmanuel

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Posted by: AnonymousOctober 18, 2012, 6:41 PM

No flash please

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Posted by: AnonymousAugust 8, 2010, 1:31 PM

Overall a nice video, but there are a few things that should be done to improve aseptic technique. The eyes need to be lubricated prior to shaving to protect them from the hair and from dessication. To reduce infections a surgical drape should be used, along with a surgical mask. Lastly, pointing with a sterile instrument would have been better.

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Posted by: M Lucas, DVMNovember 5, 2010, 6:34 PM

It is a very nice presentation, I would like to add a little in it . When the animal id fixed with ear bars and the scale on ear bar and the scale of sterotaxic base should be equidistant
See in video your demo point 02:51.

Varsha

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Posted by: Varsha SharmaMay 24, 2011, 3:35 AM

Im a 4th year Psych Honours student doing a project that needs me to implant canulas into the infralimbic. I just did my second practice surgery today, and it was terrible. The cannulas were mislocated, it took me an hour to put in 4 bone screws, and they went through the skull, and the dental cement ran into its eyes, and Im just glad that rat was put down before it woke up because there is no way it would have survived. I've always been sort of clumsy, and I have to do 35 of these, and half my year is gone and I dont have time to come up with another project.
So yeah, Im freaking out right now,

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Posted by: Nadia May 30, 2011, 8:58 AM

Hi Nadia,
It seems you do not have adequate training and supervision to perform this procedure. It is essential that a member of your laboratory team with extensive experience in stereotactic surgery, if not the primary investigator directly and the head veterinarian for your institution's animal facility, should go over things with you multiple times and actively do the procedure with you before any further attempts. You have to ensure the animal's welfare, lack of pain and recovery during and after the procedure if you wish to be anywhere close to acceptable standards. In my opinion, brain stereotactic surgery is an advanced procedure that should be used only with the maximum of caution and the best of training for undergraduate projects. If the animal facility or your faculty supervisor do not have the time or the skills to train you properly, then it would be best to choose something else for your thesis project. Best, Emmanuel

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Posted by: Emmanuel PothosMay 30, 2011, 10:46 AM

Hi everyone,

Just a quick question, after attaching the ear bar I have realized that it takes me quite a while after making an incision in the skull to expose the bregma and lambda. Any suggestions?

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Posted by: Jin P.November 5, 2012, 6:41 PM

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