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加固,Eyetracking,生理监测的功能成像

1,2,3, 1,3, 1, 1, 3, 1,3

1Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, 2Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 3Department of Radiology, Columbia University

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Cite this Article: 加固,Eyetracking,生理监测的功能成像

Ferrera, V., Grinband, J., Teichert, T., Pestilli, F., Dashnaw, S., Hirsch, J. Functional Imaging with Reinforcement, Eyetracking, and Physiological Monitoring. J. Vis. Exp. (21), e992, doi:10.3791/992 (2008).

Abstract: 加固,Eyetracking,生理监测的功能成像

我们利用脑功能成像(fMRI)来研究神经回路,决策的基础。要了解的结果如何影响决策过程,简单的感性的任务相结合,与食欲和厌恶加固。然而,使用,例如果汁和airpuffs强化可以创建功能磁共振成像的挑战。增强剂交付可引起头部运动,从而产生的fMRI信号的文物。钢筋也可导致植物神经途径介导的心率和呼吸的变化。心率和呼吸的变化可以直接影响大脑功能磁共振成像(BOLD)信号,可与信号的变化,是由于神经活动混淆。在此演示文稿中,我们展示了一种受控的方式强化管理的方法,稳定的头部,以及用于测量脉搏和呼吸。

Protocol: 加固,Eyetracking,生理监测的功能成像

设备安装

在运行和功能磁共振成像实验的第一步是建立和检查设备。这些步骤可以做到在任何顺序。

信号调理 - 位于扫描仪电和磁屏蔽室。所有从控制室到扫描仪室的电信号通过一个过滤器面板,以消除任何频率,可以创建一个在MR图像的神器。

Airpuff - airpuff设备提供了一个固定的压力和持续时间的控制粉扑。当朝眼睛的指示,这是厌恶,但非创伤性。压缩空气源,这可能是一个储气罐,但我们使用的是内部空气压力调节器(WPI气动PicoPump)。压力调整到30磅。时序调整提供50毫秒的粉扑。电磁阀是由计算机信号控制。压力调节器的输出是通过一个六分之一英寸的塑料管(聚乙烯)的主题。重要的是,管不宜过长或电磁开放和压缩空气管端到达的时间之间会有一个延迟。出于这个原因,压力调节器位于扫描仪室,和美联储的控制信号是通过一个过滤器面板,以确保有没有成像伪影。

果汁 - 果汁饮水机控制果汁的大小和数量下降塑料管口。由一个蓄水池,一个计算机控制的电磁阀,和长管主体提供果汁果汁饮水机。所有电子元件的扫描仪室外面,因此MR信号没有引入文物。果汁饮水机(克里斯特仪器)冲洗两次填写的水库和开放电磁阀。然后,它填补了主体的首选饮料。该系统进行测试,扫描前,运行一个程序,导致计算机产生的测试脉冲流汁数滴的结果被传递到主体。验证,果汁是流动的主体。

咬酒吧 - 头部运动的fMRI图像创建的几个文物。在这个实验中,受试者接受airpuffs自反性的动作,这可能会导致和果汁这就要求吞咽。为了尽量减少头部运动,bitebar是用于头部稳定。 bitebar是连接到射频头线圈。每个主题都有一个由热塑材料制成的自定义安装的喉舌。

脉搏血氧仪 - FMRI措施血氧(BOLD)的。血液在大脑充氧,可以影响神经元的活动,但它也可以影响心跳。为了衡量有关心动周期的变化充氧,我们使用脉搏血氧仪,血氧测量中使用的红外传感器的指尖。脉搏血氧仪先生是兼容的,它的输出信号反馈到控制室,它是数字化,并存储在计算机上通过一个过滤器面板。

呼吸气体监测仪 - 血氧也受到影响呼吸。我们衡量一个呼吸气体监测措施过期的二氧化碳水平的呼吸。 RGM将是兼容的先生和其输出信号反馈到控制室,它是数字化,并存储在计算机上通过一个过滤器面板。

视觉刺激 - 背投影面板位于扫描仪的一端孔接近主体的头部位置。物体看起来背投影屏幕,通过镜子头线圈上安装。背投影屏幕上的图像投射到液晶投影机位于扫描仪的房间外。从投影机的光束定向扫描仪内的房间,通过射频屏蔽软管。

眼动追踪 - 重要的是要知道其中的主题是寻找有以下几个原因。眼球运动的影响,在视网膜上的视觉刺激,从而影响到大脑中的视觉反应的立场。眼球运动也可以被用来作为受指示的行为反应的一种手段。我们使用的方法被称为“红外视频oculography”跟踪眼睛。在此方法中,红外摄像机是用来追踪瞳孔。建成一个特别设计的护目镜对红外线发射器和摄像机。这些都是相同的护目镜,提供视觉刺激。从眼罩的数据是由一个专用的计算机转换成模拟信号的水平和垂直眼位眼的图像处理。

除准备

文件,并同意与ndash在扫描之前,每个科目必须填写有关安全和同意的几种形式。

实验计划表 - 计划表规定的实验方案和脉冲序列,并在它们的运行顺序。

身体上的准备 - 当准备好要扫描的主题是,他们做的第一件事情之一是在耳把插头的响亮和高频率扫描仪的噪音,以保护他们的听力。 MR兼容耳机,他们也把双方沟通与扫描仪的科目,并提供指导和反馈,扫描会话期间。

这个题目让他们的喉舌,其中包括1 / 16英寸生产线,果汁交付和呼吸气体监测。

这个题目对和调整致辞兼容的视觉刺激和眼球运动监测所使用的护目镜。

问题在于扫描仪上的床和射频线圈的定位是在他们头上。喉舌(bitebar)是连接到射频线圈,以防止头部运动。

airpuff油管(1 / 6英寸的Tygon)定位附近的一只眼睛,使用软管(LOC行)。

脉冲血氧仪指夹连接到一个手指,并用胶带固定。

扫描程序

脉冲序列:

结构:我们使用T1加权像(结构图像),让受试者的大脑形态的一个明确的定义。主题在于被动,仍然尽可能保持在这个阶段,持续约10分钟。

功能:我们使用T2加权EPI序列(功能图像)显示相关的神经活动的变化,在血液充氧。在这个阶段,它的主体是暴露汁,airpuff和听觉刺激。

连接:我们用扩散加权(DWI)的图像,以确定大脑区域之间的结构连接。在这个阶段,主题在于动不动。

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Disclosures: 加固,Eyetracking,生理监测的功能成像

Acknowledgements: 加固,Eyetracking,生理监测的功能成像

镍氢电池,NARSAD和盖茨比基金会提供的资金。

Ask the Author: 加固,Eyetracking,生理监测的功能成像

6 Comments

I think the experiment is really cool, thanks for posting!

1

Reply

Posted by: AnonymousNovember 18, 2008, 9:23 AM

Wow! It's amazing how many methods you combined in your experiment! I would say that I didn't quite undestand why you used the eye-tracking device, but, since your main aim was to test the combination of all these different methods, I guess it makes sense. Also, I am curious about how you analyzed the heart beat and respiration data, but I have to read your paper first... :-)

Nevertheless, that was a really good job! Well done!

2

Reply

Posted by: JimNovember 25, 2008, 2:15 PM

Was the eyetracker a model that can be purchased; and, if so, please provide details.

Also, since it was not mentioned, I assume you made no use of 'blink latency' -- that is, the amount of time on average the eyeblinks stayed closed --nor other signs of problems with vigilance detectable through eye blinks.  From how you recorded the data, do you know if any such measurements would be retrievable? Also, do you do anything to determine if any subjects are under the influence of any drugs or medications? Thanks.

3

Reply

Posted by: shelDecember 1, 2008, 2:44 PM

Good work, the combination of all these measurements sounds very interesting.

Regarding a commercial available multi-stimulus fMRI-tool I suggest to look at

http://arima24.com/images/ARIMA_STIMTOOL.pdf

Pneumatics for somatosensory fMRI stimulation and a lot of other modalities and clinically validated protocols

are involved, excellent to work with.

4

Reply

Posted by: Eckhard HempelFebruary 2, 2009, 4:34 AM

Dear Jack and Franco,

I have seen your video on the setup and was interested. Good job. Could you please tell us the name of the commercial products you use for the eye tracking, from the googles to the camera and the software, all the way to the final x,y signals for each eye.

Thank you very much,

Franco Simini

Universidad de la Republica

Montevideo, URUGUAY

simini@fing.edu.uy

5

Reply

Posted by: Franco SiminiMarch 5, 2009, 12:50 PM

"FMRI measures blood oxygenation (BOLD). Blood oxygenation in the brain can be affected by neuronal activity, but it can also be affected by the heartbeat"...could you give more information about this? Is this because changes in blood flow or blood volume with heartbeat? How you correct this effect? thanks.

6

Reply

Posted by: Juan GomezJanuary 2, 2010, 9:18 PM

Hi Juan,

Here is a quick response to your question about how heartbeat affects BOLD and how to remove these effects.

In principle, cardiac activity can affect BOLD in a variety of ways. On a global scale, an increase in heart rate may change the overall delivery of oxygenated blood to the brain and hence change the blood oxygenation dependent signal. On a local scale, each individual heart beat sends a bolus of oxygenated blood to the brain. This increases blood volume and blood oxygenation in the vicinity of major arteries. In addition the pulsing may cause arteries to shift position, an effect that can be appreciated in optical imaging but may have less of an effect on fMRI due to the limited spatial resolution.

The effects of the cardiac (and respiratory) activity can be removed in a variety of ways including various regression techniques as well as blind source separation algorithms (e.g., ICA). For more details on the regression techniques see our recent paper in Neuropsychologia and the citations therein (Teichert, Grinband, Hirsch and Ferrera, 2009. Effects of heartbeat and respiration on macaque fMRI: Implications for functional connectivity. Neuropsychologia 2009, Dec 5 ePub ahead of print).

Best,
Tobias Teichert

6.1

Reply

Posted by: Tobias T.January 4, 2010, 4:19 PM

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