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Other Publications (119)
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
- International Ophthalmology
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
- International Ophthalmology
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- International Journal of Inflammation
- BMC Ophthalmology
- Ophthalmology
- Archives of Ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960)
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
- International Ophthalmology
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
- Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. Journal Canadien D'ophtalmologie
- Cytokine
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
- Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
- The British Journal of Ophthalmology
- Oncology Letters
- Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
- Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- BMC Cancer
- Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)
- Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
- Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection
- American Journal of Ophthalmology
- Sarcoidosis, Vasculitis, and Diffuse Lung Diseases : Official Journal of WASOG
- Scientific Reports
- Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- The British Journal of Ophthalmology
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)
- Telemedicine Journal and E-health : the Official Journal of the American Telemedicine Association
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Acta Ophthalmologica
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases
- American Journal of Ophthalmology
- Survey of Ophthalmology
- Ophthalmology
- PloS One
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Scientific Reports
- Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
- Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)
- Survey of Ophthalmology
- Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection
- Scientific Reports
- Survey of Ophthalmology
- Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Survey of Ophthalmology
- Ophthalmology
- Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)
- Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
- Acta Ophthalmologica
- Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland)
- Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
- Expert Review of Medical Devices
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Cytokine
- Translational Vision Science & Technology
- Data in Brief
- Cytokine
- Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection
- Ophthalmology
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)
- Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- International Ophthalmology
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)
- Acta Ophthalmologica
- Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)
- Drug Discovery Today
- Survey of Ophthalmology
- Data in Brief
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Survey of Ophthalmology
- The British Journal of Ophthalmology
- Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection
- JAMA Ophthalmology
- Data in Brief
- Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie
- JAMA Ophthalmology
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Ophthalmology
- Acta Ophthalmologica
- Ophthalmology
- Acta Ophthalmologica
- International Ophthalmology
- Survey of Ophthalmology
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)
- Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
- Scientific Reports
- Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
- Scientific Reports
Articles by Rupesh Agrawal in JoVE
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Etiquetado de colorantes fluorescentes de eritrocitos y leucocitos para estudiar la dinámica de flujo en la circulación de la retina del ratón
Rupesh Agrawal*1,2,3, Praveen Kumar Balne*2, Sai Bo Bo Tun2, Yeo Sia Wey2, Neha Khandelwal1, Veluchamy A. Barathi2,4,5
1National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 2Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore National Eye Center, 3School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 4Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, 5Ophthalmology Academic Clinical Research Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School
Las imágenes de células vivas de las células sanguíneas etiquetadas en la circulación ocular pueden proporcionar información sobre la inflamación y la isquemia en la retinopatía diabética y la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. Se describe un protocolo para etiquetar células sanguíneas e imágenes de las células marcadas en la circulación retiniana.
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Perla base ensayo Multiplex para el análisis de perfiles de Cytokine de lágrima
Praveen Kumar Balne1,2, Veonice Bijin AU3, Louis Tong2, Arkasubhra Ghosh4, Mukesh Agrawal5, John Connolly3, Rupesh Agrawal1
1National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 2Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), 3Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 4GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, 5Vimta Labs Limited
Análisis de la película del rasgón citoquinas ayuda en el estudio de varias enfermedades oculares. Ensayos multiplexores grano base son sencillas y sensibles y permiten el análisis de múltiples objetivos en muestras con pequeños volúmenes. Aquí se describe un protocolo para rasgar película del cytokine perfilar un uso grano base ensayo múltiple.
Other articles by Rupesh Agrawal on PubMed
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Current Approach in Diagnosis and Management of Anterior Uveitis
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.
Jan-Feb, 2010 |
Pubmed ID: 20029142 Uveitis is composed of a diverse group of disease entities, which in total has been estimated to cause approximately 10% of blindness. Uveitis is broadly classified into anterior, intermediate, posterior and panuveitis based on the anatomical involvement of the eye. Anterior uveitis is, however, the commonest form of uveitis with varying incidences reported in worldwide literature. Anterior uveitis can be very benign to present with but often can lead to severe morbidity if not treated appropriately. The present article will assist ophthalmologists in accurately diagnosing anterior uveitis, improving the quality of care rendered to patients with anterior uveitis, minimizing the adverse effects of anterior uveitis, developing a decision-making strategy for management of patients at risk of permanent visual loss from anterior uveitis, informing and educating patients and other healthcare practitioners about the visual complications, risk factors, and treatment options associated with anterior uveitis.
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Cataract Surgery in Uveitis
International Journal of Inflammation.
2012 |
Pubmed ID: 22518338 Cataract surgery in uveitic eyes is often challenging and can result in intraoperative and postoperative complications. Most uveitic patients enjoy good vision despite potentially sight-threatening complications, including cataract development. In those patients who develop cataracts, successful surgery stems from educated patient selection, careful surgical technique, and aggressive preoperative and postoperative control of inflammation. With improved understanding of the disease processes, pre- and perioperative control of inflammation, modern surgical techniques, availability of biocompatible intraocular lens material and design, surgical experience in performing complicated cataract surgeries, and efficient management of postoperative complications have led to much better outcome. Preoperative factors include proper patient selection and counseling and preoperative control of inflammation. Meticulous and careful cataract surgery in uveitic cataract is essential in optimizing the postoperative outcome. Management of postoperative complications, especially inflammation and glaucoma, earlier rather than later, has also contributed to improved outcomes. This manuscript is review of the existing literature and highlights the management pearls in tackling complicated cataract based on medline search of literature and experience of the authors.
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Controversies in Ocular Trauma Classification and Management: Review
International Ophthalmology.
Aug, 2013 |
Pubmed ID: 23338232 Ocular trauma is a topic of unresolved controversies and there are continuous controversial and debatable management strategies for open-globe injuries (OGIs). International classification of ocular trauma proposed almost 15 years ago needs to be reviewed and to be more robust in predicting the outcome in the setting of OGIs. Anterior segment trauma involves controversies related to patching for corneal abrasion, corneal laceration repair, and medical management of hyphema. Timing of cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation in the setting of trauma is still debated worldwide. There are unresolved issues regarding the management of OGIs involving the posterior segment. Timing of vitrectomy has been and will continue to be debated by proponents of early versus delayed intervention. The use of prophylactic cryotherapy and scleral buckle is still practiced differently throughout the world. The role of intravitreal antibiotics in posterior segment trauma in the absence of infection is still debated. Similarly, the use of vitrectomy versus vitreous tap in the setting of traumatic endophthalmitis is not fully resolved. In optic neuropathy, the role of intravenous methylprednisolone versus conservative management is always debated and still there are no evidence-based guidelines about the beneficial role of pulse steroid therapy. The role of optic canal decompression in the setting of acute traumatic optic neuropathy is also not conclusive. Orbital and adnexal trauma has been shown to adversely affect the outcome of OGI patients but both lids and orbital injury are not taken as preoperative variables in international ocular trauma classification. The timing of intervention in blow-out fracture is still debated. The pediatric age group, owing to the high risk of amblyopia and intraocular inflammation as well as strong vitreoretinal adhesions, has to be managed by different principles. Although the risk of sympathetic ophthalmia is very rare, it is always one of the key debated issues while managing traumatized eyes with no light perception vision. Prospective, controlled clinical studies are not possible in the OGI setting and this article reviews pertinent data regarding these management issues and controversies, and provides recommendations for treatment based on the available published data and the authors' personal experience.
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Choroidal Metastasis As the Presenting Feature of a Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma with No Apparent Primary Lesion Identified by X-ray: A Case Report
Oncology Letters.
Oct, 2014 |
Pubmed ID: 25202431 The most common type of intraocular tumor in adults is the metastatic variety, with the choroid as the typical site of involvement. The case of a patient with non-small cell lung cancer, who presented with choroidal metastasis, is described in the current report. In addition, the limitation of using a chest X-ray to identify a large primary lung lesion is highlighted. A 71-year-old female that presented with a choroidal mass lesion is described in the current report. A chest X-ray was conducted and was considered to be normal following detailed investigation, however, a computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax revealed a large lobulated mass in the right upper lobe. On further histopathological analysis, the patient was diagnosed with a non-small cell lung carcinoma. Thus, when a large choroidal lesion and overlying exudative retinal detachment is observed, a diagnosis of choroidal metastasis should be considered. X-ray images may appear to be normal even in the presence of a large pulmonary lesion. Therefore, in cases where there may be a metastatic lesion, a CT scan is proposed as the optimal diagnostic imaging technique.
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Strategies for Improving Early Detection and Diagnosis of Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration
Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.).
2015 |
Pubmed ID: 25733802 Treatment of the neovascular form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been revolutionized by the introduction of such agents as ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and aflibercept. As a result, the incidence of legal blindness occurring secondary to AMD has fallen dramatically in recent years in many countries. While these agents have undoubtedly been successful in reducing visual impairment and blindness, patients with neovascular AMD typically lose some vision over time, and often lose the ability to read, drive, or perform other important activities of daily living. Efforts are therefore under way to develop strategies that allow for earlier detection and treatment of this disease. In this review, we begin by providing an overview of the rationale for, and the benefits of, early detection and treatment of neovascular AMD. To achieve this, we begin by providing an overview of the pathophysiology and natural history of choroidal neovascularization, before reviewing the evidence from both clinical trials and "real-world" outcome studies. We continue by highlighting an area that is often overlooked: the importance of patient education and awareness for early AMD detection. We conclude the review by reviewing an array of both established and emerging technologies for early detection of choroidal neovascularization, ranging from Amsler chart testing, to hyperacuity testing, to advanced imaging techniques, such as optical coherence tomography.
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A Prospective Case-control Study to Investigate Retinal Microvascular Changes in Acute Dengue Infection
Scientific Reports.
Nov, 2015 |
Pubmed ID: 26603217 Dengue infection can affect the microcirculation by direct viral infection or activation of inflammation. We aimed to determine whether measured retinal vascular parameters were associated with acute dengue infection. Patients with acute dengue were recruited from Communicable Diseases Center, Singapore and age-gender-ethnicity matched healthy controls were selected from a population-based study. Retinal photographs were taken on recruitment and convalescence. A spectrum of quantitative retinal microvascular parameters (retinal vascular caliber, fractal dimension, tortuosity and branching angle) was measured using a semi-automated computer-based program. (Singapore I Vessel Assessment, version 3.0). We included 62 dengue patients and 127 controls. Dengue cases were more likely to have wider retinal arteriolar and venular calibers (158.3 μm vs 144.3 μm, p < 0.001; 227.7 μm vs 212.8 μm, p < 0.001; respectively), higher arteriolar and venular fractal dimensions (1.271 vs 1.249, p = 0.002; 1.268 vs. 1.230, p < 0.001, respectively), higher arteriolar and venular tortuosity (0.730 vs 0.546 [x10(4)], p < 0.001; 0.849 vs 0.658 [x10(4)], p < 0.001; respectively), compared to controls. Resolution of acute dengue coincided with decrease in retinal vascular calibers and venular fractal dimension. Dengue patients have altered microvascular network in the retina; these changes may reflect pathophysiological processes in the immune system.
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High Throughput Screening of Valganciclovir in Acidic Microenvironments of Polyester Thin Films
Materials (Basel, Switzerland).
Apr, 2015 |
Pubmed ID: 28788027 Ganciclovir and valganciclor are antiviral agents used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. The conventional method for administering ganciclovir in cytomegalovirus retinitis patients is repeated intravitreal injections. In order to obviate the possible detrimental effects of repeated intraocular injections, to improve compliance and to eliminate systemic side-effects, we investigated the tuning of the ganciclovir pro-drug valganciclovir and the release from thin films of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), or mixtures of both, as a step towards prototyping periocular valganciclovir implants. To investigate the drug release, we established and evaluated a high throughput fluorescence-based quantification screening assay for the detection of valganciclovir. Our protocol allows quantifying as little as 20 ng of valganciclovir in 96-well polypropylene plates and a 50× faster analysis compared to traditional HPLC measurements. This improvement can hence be extrapolated to other polyester matrix thin film formulations using a high-throughput approach. The acidic microenvironment within the polyester matrix was found to protect valganciclovir from degradation with resultant increases in the half-life of the drug in the periocular implant to 100 days. Linear release profiles were obtained using the pure polyester polymers for 10 days and 60 days formulations; however, gross phase separations of PCL and acid-terminated PLGA prevented tuning within these timeframes due to the phase separation of the polymer, valganciclovir, or both.
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Red Blood Cells in Retinal Vascular Disorders
Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases.
Jan, 2016 |
Pubmed ID: 26603725 Microvascular circulation plays a vital role in regulating physiological functions, such as vascular resistance, and maintaining organ health. Pathologies such as hypertension, diabetes, or hematologic diseases affect the microcirculation posing a significant risk to human health. The retinal vasculature provides a unique window for non-invasive visualisation of the human circulation in vivo and retinal vascular image analysis has been established to predict the development of both clinical and subclinical cardiovascular, metabolic, renal and retinal disease in epidemiologic studies. Blood viscosity which was otherwise thought to play a negligible role in determining blood flow based on Poiseuille's law up to the 1970s has now been shown to play an equally if not a more important role in controlling microcirculation and quantifying blood flow. Understanding the hemodynamics/rheology of the microcirculation and its changes in diseased states remains a challenging task; this is due to the particulate nature of blood, the mechanical properties of the cells (such as deformability and aggregability) and the complex architecture of the microvasculature. In our review, we have tried to postulate a possible role of red blood cell (RBC) biomechanical properties and laid down future framework for research related to hemorrheological aspects of blood in patients with retinal vascular disorders.
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Drug, Delivery and Devices for Diabetic Retinopathy (3Ds in DR)
Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery.
Nov, 2016 |
Pubmed ID: 27169870 Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common causes of blindness among the working population worldwide. Clearly, there is an unmet clinical need to find better treatment options for DR. Areas covered: The literature search was conducted on PubMed with no limitation on language or year of publication. The review focuses on the clinically used drugs/proteins along with a brief background on the pathophysiology of DR. The major focus of this review revolves around three treatment approaches involving drugs/proteins, drug delivery formulations and drug delivery devices. In each category, major advances are discussed along with the possible solutions. We have also discussed the various modes of administration that are currently being evaluated in the clinic. An attempt has been made to address the potential targeted site of action for DR drug delivery, and also to understand the role of Blood Retinal Barrier (BRB). Expert Opinion: In the current scenario, although there have been some advances in the drug delivery devices for delivering drugs/proteins, there are still challenges to be overcome with regard to the particulate systems. For long-term success of DR therapeutics, research options should consider taking into account the 3Ds (drug, delivery and devices).
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Management of Noninfectious Posterior Uveitis with Intravitreal Drug Therapy
Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.).
2016 |
Pubmed ID: 27789936 Uveitis is an important cause of vision loss worldwide due to its sight-threatening complications, especially cystoid macular edema, as well as choroidal neovascularization, macular ischemia, cataract, and glaucoma. Systemic corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy for noninfectious posterior uveitis; however, various systemic side effects can occur. Intravitreal medication achieves a therapeutic level in the vitreous while minimizing systemic complications and is thus used as an exciting alternative. Corticosteroids, antivascular endothelial growth factors, immunomodulators such as methotrexate and sirolimus, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are currently available for intravitreal therapy. This article reviews the existing literature for efficacy and safety of these various options for intravitreal drug therapy for the management of noninfectious uveitis (mainly intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis).
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Dataset of Tear Film Cytokine Levels in Dry Eye Disease (DED) Patients with and Without HIV Infection
Data in Brief.
Feb, 2017 |
Pubmed ID: 27942559 The tear film cytokine profiling data in this article was obtained from a prospective case-control study with a sample size of 34 dry eye disease (DED) patients with HIV infection and 32 DED patients without HIV infection, see "A distinct cytokines profile in tear film of dry eye disease (DED) patients with HIV infection" (R. Agrawal, P.K. Balne, A. Veerappan, V.B. Au, B. Lee, E. Loo, A. Ghosh, L. Tong, S.C. Teoh, J. Connolly, P. Tan, 2016) [1]. Tear samples were collected from all the subjects using Schirmer׳s strips and cytokine profiling was done using the Luminex bead based multiplex assay with a panel of 41 analytes. The cytokine level differences in each group of subjects were analyzed using logistic regression models.
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Viral Posterior Uveitis
Survey of Ophthalmology.
Jul - Aug, 2017 |
Pubmed ID: 28012878 The causes of posterior uveitis can be divided into infectious, autoimmune, or masquerade syndromes. Viral infections, a significant cause of sight-threatening ocular diseases in the posterior segment, include human herpesviruses, measles, rubella, and arboviruses such as dengue, West Nile, and chikungunya virus. Viral posterior uveitis may occur as an isolated ocular disease in congenital or acquired infections or as part of a systemic viral illness. Many viruses remain latent in the infected host with a risk of reactivation that depends on various factors, including virulence and host immunity, age, and comorbidities. Although some viral illnesses are self-limiting and have a good visual prognosis, others, such as cytomegalovirus retinitis or acute retinal necrosis, may result in serious complications and profound vision loss. Since some of these infections may respond well to antiviral therapy, it is important to work up all cases of posterior uveitis to rule out an infectious etiology. We review the clinical features, diagnostic tools, treatment regimens, and long-term outcomes for each of these viral posterior uveitides.
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Pediatric Ocular Trauma Score As a Prognostic Tool in the Management of Pediatric Traumatic Cataracts
Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie.
May, 2017 |
Pubmed ID: 28224290 To introduce and validate the pediatric ocular trauma score (POTS) - a mathematical model to predict visual outcome trauma in children with traumatic cataract METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, medical records of consecutive children with traumatic cataracts aged 18 and below were retrieved and analysed. Data collected included age, gender, visual acuity, anterior segment and posterior segment findings, nature of surgery, treatment for amblyopia, follow-up, and final outcome was recorded on a precoded data information sheet. POTS was derived based on the ocular trauma score (OTS), adjusting for age of patient and location of the injury. Visual outcome was predicted using the OTS and the POTS and using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.
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Zika Virus and Eye
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation.
Mar, 2017 |
Pubmed ID: 28318359 Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is the latest global health concern. Transmission is mainly via Aedes mosquitoes and the infection can be diagnosed on molecular or serologic testings. It typically causes a mild self-remitting illness of low-grade fever, maculopapular rash, and myalgia, but when severe, it is associated with neurological deficits and congenital structural defects. Ocular manifestations are usually mild like nonpurulent conjunctivitis in adults, though it may be linked to uveitis, maculopathy, and hypertensive iridocyclitis. Ocular signs seem to be more significant in congenital ZIKV-macular pigment mottling, neuroretinal atrophy with macular involvement, iris coloboma, and changes in retinal vasculature are noted in infants with infected mothers. Risk factors include ZIKV infection in first trimester and smaller cephalic diameter at birth. Hence, ophthalmic examination in newborns is now recommended. Currently, prevention and active surveillance are integral as there is no known vaccine, and treatment is only symptomatic.
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Multimodal Imaging in Retinal Vasculitis
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation.
Jun, 2017 |
Pubmed ID: 28696172 Retinal vasculitis presents with inflammation involving the retinal vasculature as an isolated disease or in combination with other ocular or systemic conditions. This entity may be associated with a wide variety of clinical manifestations such as vascular sheathing, cotton-wool spots, retinal ischemia, and neovascularization. Often, retinal vasculitis and its complications lead to diagnostic challenges in identifying the exact etiology of the inflammation. Ancillary investigations such as fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and more recently, adaptive optics imaging and optical coherence tomography angiography, may provide valuable information that help in establishing the exact diagnosis and initiation of appropriate therapy. In the index review, multimodal imaging features of retinal vasculitis are described. In addition, detection of vascular inflammation using novel noncontact imaging techniques has been highlighted.
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