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JoVE Business
Microeconomics
价格机制:税收
价格机制:税收
Business
Microeconomics
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Business Microeconomics
Price Mechanism: Taxes

16.7: 价格机制:税收

240 Views
01:24 min
February 18, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

当商品的生产或消费影响到未直接参与市场交易的第三方时,就会产生外部性。这些外部性可以是正的,也可以是负的,负外部性会对社会造成有害影响。常见的例子包括污染、公共卫生问题和环境恶化。如果不加以解决,那么这些外部性可能会导致市场效率低下,无论是生产过剩还是生产不足。

庇古税作为解决方案

庇古税是一种基于市场的政策,旨在解决负外部性。这种税是以英国经济学家亚瑟·庇古的名字来进行命名的,它增加了生产有害副作用的商品或服务的成本,从而使得生产者和消费者不得不将社会成本内化。

庇古税的工作原理:

  1.  当存在负外部性时(例如工厂排放的污染物),生产的私人成本并不能够反映出由污染造成的更加广泛的社会成本。
  2.  对每个产出单位征收的庇古税等于其外部边际成本,这通常是由对第三方造成的损害所决定的。
  3.  对生产活动进行征税会提高商品的价格,从而将均衡产量降低到更加有利于社会的水平。

实际应用

假设有一家生产电力并排放污染物的工厂。如果不进行干预,那么电价只会反映出燃料、劳动力和设备的私人成本。然而,污染的社会成本(例如健康问题或环境损害)在市场价格中仍然没有得到考虑。这将会导致工厂按照市场均衡价格来过度地生产电力,从而使得污染水平超出社会最优水平。

当政府征收的庇古税等于污染外部边际成本时,就会使得供给曲线向上移动,从而反映出了更高的生产社会成本。其结果是市场均衡价格更高、电力产量减少,这反映了生产电力的真实社会成本。

庇古税更为广泛的用途

庇古税不仅限于污染。政府会对以下方面征收类似的税收:

  1.  通过对香烟收税来减少吸烟相关的健康问题。
  2.  通过对酒精收税来缓解公众健康和安全问题。
  3. •通过控制碳排放来应对气候变化。

这些税收旨在纠正市场失灵,从而鼓励更加可持续的经济行为。

Transcript

价格修改政策可以纠正外部性。

其中一项政策是以经济学家 Arthur Piguu 命名的 Pigovian 税。Pigovian 税旨在调整导致负外部性的商品或服务的价格。这种调整使商品价格反映了对社会的真实影响。

例如,燃煤发电厂发电,但也排放污染。

电厂电力的市场价格仅包括私人边际成本,未考虑外部边际成本。这会导致生产过剩和过度污染。

政府可以对污染者的每一单位产出征税。该税等于污染的外部边际成本。

税后,供给曲线向左移动,显示出更高的生产成本,其中包括污染的影响。税收提高了电价,并将产量降低到有效数量。

该原则不仅限于污染,例如对香烟、酒精和碳排放征税,旨在减轻从健康问题到气候变化的各种外部性。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Externalities - When the production or consumption of a good affects those not involved in the transaction.
  • Pigovian Taxes - Policy designed to address negative externalities by increasing the cost of goods or services that generate harmful side effects.
  • Negative Externalities - Harmful effects on society caused by the production or consumption of a good.
  • Market Inefficiency - When a market fails to allocate resources optimally, generally caused by externalities.
  • Internalize Externalities - The process of incorporating societal costs into the cost of a good or service.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Externalities - Understand what they are and how they affect society (e.g., pollution).
  • Contrast Positive vs Negative Externalities - Understand key differences (e.g., benefits vs harm to society).
  • Explore Pigovian Taxes Examples - Understand Pigovian tax application (e.g., tax on pollution).
  • Explain Pigovian Taxes Mechanism - Understand how taxes increase cost of harmful goods/services.
  • Apply Pigovian Tax in Context - Understand how it corrects market inefficiencies.

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