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JoVE Business
Macroeconomics
自然失业率
自然失业率
Business
Macroeconomics
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Business Macroeconomics
The Natural Rate of Unemployment

4.6: 自然失业率

140 Views
01:11 min
November 14, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

自然失业率是一个假想的失业率,通常用 u* 表示。然而,它无法被直接观测到。经济学家采用多种方法和假设来加以解释。例如,一些经济学家采用统计方法,分析超过一百年的数据。

这一方法由罗伯特·E·霍尔 (Robert E. Hall) 提出。他假设劳动力总量是固定的,即就业人口和失业人数之和保持不变。该模型基于这样一个核心思想:自然失业率受到两个因素的影响:离职率和工作获取率。

在任何特定时期,部分已就业人员会因自愿或被裁员的原因离开工作岗位,这一过程被称为离职。离职率衡量的是在就业人员中转为失业的比例。

与此同时,一些失业人员能成功找到工作,这一过程被称为工作获取。工作获取率表示的是失业人口中转为就业者的比例。

离职指的是劳动者离开工作,无论是自愿还是被动,而工作获取则反映了失业人员找到工作的速度。这两者之间的平衡决定了稳态失业率的大小。

如果离职率较高,u* 也较高,因为更多的劳动者失业,进入失业队伍;如果离职率较低,u* 则较低,因为离开岗位并进入失业人群的劳动者较少。

如果工作获取率较高,u* 较低,因为失业人员能够快速进入就业队伍;如果工作获取率较低,u* 较高,因为失业人员的失业持续时间较长。

理解 u* 值至关重要,因为它在进行多项经济预测时发挥重要作用,包括潜在产出的预测。

Transcript

自然失业率是健康增长经济中最低的失业水平。

它由两个组成部分组成:摩擦性失业和结构性失业。

摩擦性失业是指工人从一份工作转到另一份工作、首次进入劳动力市场或重新进入劳动力市场时发生的临时失业。

结构性失业是一种长期失业形式,由经济的根本性转变引起,例如技术进步或消费者需求的变化。因此,工人技能与可用岗位之间存在不匹配。

在任何经济体中,一些在职人员都会因离职或被裁员而失去工作。这种情况被称为工作分离。与此同时,一些失业者找到工作,这被称为找工作。

自然失业率反映了工人失业和求职者找到工作的比例。

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自然失业率 U 工作分离 求职 失业率 Robert E. Hall 固定劳动力 就业 失业 统计方法

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