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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.
银行杠杆衡量的是银行相对于自有资本使用借入资金的程度,以资助贷款和投资活动。通过将自有资本与客户存款、同业借款及其他借款相结合,银行能够调动和运用远超其资本基础的资金。这种杠杆不仅放大了盈利潜力,还增加了亏损的风险。
杠杆作用的实际运作
当银行的自有资本仅占其总资金的一小部分时,银行被视为高度杠杆化。例如,如果自有资本占总资金的 8%,则银行的杠杆倍数为 12.5 倍(1 ÷ 0.08)。这意味着银行可以发放贷款并购买价值超过其自有资本 12 倍的证券。
因为银行对整个资产基数赚取利息,而不仅仅是对由自有资本提供的那一部分资产赚取利息,所以股本回报率,其英文缩写为 ROE,可以被放大。这也解释了为何即使利差较小,银行仍能盈利。然而,同样的机制也增加了资产价值下跌时的亏损风险。
风险与监管监督
高杠杆会同时放大收益和亏损。如果资产减值或贷款违约超过了资本缓冲,银行可能会迅速破产。例如,一些在 2008 年倒闭的投资银行,其杠杆比率超过了 30:1,使得它们在资产价值出现轻微下降时就变得脆弱。
监管机构设定杠杆限制,以降低系统性风险的可能性。巴塞尔 III 框架,辅以更严格的国家要求,旨在确保银行保持足够的资本,以应对金融压力时期的风险。
银行业中的杠杆指的是利用存款和其他借来的资金,将银行资产增长到超出其自有资本之外。它是以总资产与资本的比率来衡量的。
假设一家银行拥有八百万美元的资本,并且通过存款和其他负债可以调取九千二百万美元。
现在它有1亿美元可分配资金——其中大部分通常用于贷款——杠杆率达到12.5。当借款人连带利息还款时,银行就能从其贷款金额中获得回报,尽管只有800万美元是其自有资金。
但杠杆也增加了风险。如果太多借款人违约,银行可能没有足够的资本来吸收损失,可能导致破产。
例如,在2008年金融危机之前,投资银行雷曼兄弟的杠杆率是30比1——大约每1美元资本就有30美元的资产。当亏损增加时,公司缺乏足够的资本来维持生计。
这就是为什么监管机构密切监控银行杠杆——以保护存款人和更广泛的金融体系。
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