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Home
JoVE Core
Biology
肠道解剖
肠道解剖
JoVE Core
Biology
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JoVE Core Biology
Anatomy of the Intestines

17.2: 肠道解剖

88,109 Views
01:23 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

虽然蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂类的消化可能从胃开始,但在肠内完成。从食物和饮料中吸收营养、水和电解质也发生在肠道中。肠道可分为两个结构不同的器官,即小肠和大肠。

小肠

小肠是一根长约22米的管子,内径只有2.5厘米。由于大部分营养物质在这里被吸收,小肠的内层高度卷曲,并被称为绒毛的手指状延伸物所覆盖,每一个绒毛都含有数百微绒毛。小肠的皱褶、绒毛和微绒毛将吸收表面积放大60到120倍。增加的表面积为养分的吸收提供了充足的机会。

小肠通过幽门括约肌与胃相连,当食糜进入小肠的起点十二指肠时,括约肌就会关闭。小肠的中部和最大部分是空肠。回肠在小肠末端,通过回盲瓣与大肠相连。

大肠

大肠从盲肠开始。阑尾,一个小的淋巴结构,从盲肠底部垂下。盲肠上方,开始升结肠,接着是横结肠。它们从食糜中吸收大部分剩余的水和电解质,把食糜变成粪便。降结肠、乙状结肠和直肠储存粪便,直到通过肛门排出。

大肠全长约1.5米,内径4.8厘米。不含皱褶和绒毛,但吸收上皮细胞有微绒毛。大肠是细菌生态系统的所在地,它负责消化的最后阶段,分解纤维素和纤维,而纤维素和纤维是胃和小肠无法处理的化合物。

细菌多样性

大肠中含有700多种细菌细菌。多样性被认为与肥胖和2型糖尿病的发生有关。肥胖者的细菌株数少于非肥胖者。细菌多样性低也与胰岛素抵抗有关。肠道细菌生态系统是在婴儿出生后不久建立的,母乳喂养的婴儿从母乳中的细菌中发育出肠道生物群。出生后,生物群落由个体的遗传、饮食、年龄、性别及其免疫系统构成。外部因素如饮食、健康状况、药物和地理位置也显著影响肠道生物群落的复杂性。

Transcript

小肠和大肠负责

吸收营养和水

虽然小肠相当狭窄

但这个器官大约22英尺长

并且压缩到腹腔中

消化物首先到达十二指肠

然后前往中间和最长的部分 即空肠

在这里 内衬包含粘膜褶皱

覆盖有指状绒毛

上皮细胞的上覆层具有

称为微绒毛的细胞质延伸

这三种结构增加了

小肠的表面积

以确保最佳营养效果

在小肠的末端是回肠

它通过回盲瓣

连接到大肠

在大肠的第一部分 盲肠那里

没有褶皱或绒毛

相反 它是一个大型

细菌生态系统的家园

它可以完成消化的最后阶段

分解纤维素

悬在盲肠底部的是阑尾

一个小淋巴结

在它上面 从升结肠开始

然后是横结肠

吸收大部分剩余的水和电解质

将消化物变成粪便

最后的区域 降结肠

乙状结肠和直肠存储粪便

直到通过肛门消除

Explore More Videos

解剖学 肠道 小肠 大肠 十二指肠 空肠 粘膜皱襞 绒毛 微绒毛 回肠 回盲瓣 阑尾 升结肠 横结肠 降结肠 乙状结肠 直肠 消化 吸收

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