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Chemistry
共轭酸碱对的相对强度
共轭酸碱对的相对强度
JoVE Core
Chemistry
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JoVE Core Chemistry
Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

15.5: 共轭酸碱对的相对强度

52,668 Views
02:29 min
September 24, 2020
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

布朗斯特-劳里 酸-碱 化学是质子的转移;因此,逻辑表明共轭酸碱对的相对强度之间的关系。 酸或碱的强度以其电离常数Ka 或Kb进行量化,表示酸或碱电离反应的范围。 对于共轭酸碱对 HA / A−,电离平衡方程和电离常数表达式是

Eq1

Eq2

添加这两个化学式后得出水的自电离方程:

Eq3

如前所述,一个求和反应的平衡常数等于添加反应的平衡常数的数学生成物,等等

Eq4

该方程表示任何共轭酸碱对的电离常数之间的关系,即其数学生成物等于水的离子生成物 KW。 通过重新排列此方程,共轭酸碱对的强度之间的互惠关系变得显而易见:

Eq5

Ka 和Kb 之间的反比比例关系意味着酸或碱越强,其偶联物就越弱。

以方程两侧的负值记录, Ka × Kb = KW 得出

Eq6

然后

Eq7

由于p K W 在25° C下为14,因此该等式也可以写为

Eq1

p K a 和p K b 分别代表酸和碱的强度。 像pH和pOH一样,p K a 或p K b 值越高,酸或碱的值就分别越弱。 

酸 碱
高氯酸 (HClO4)* 高氯酸盐离子 (ClO4−)**
硫酸 (H2SO4)* 硫酸氢离子 (HSO4−)**
碘化氢 (HI)* 碘化离子 (I−)**
氢溴 (HBr)* 溴化离子 (Br−)**
氯化氢 (HCl)* 氯化离子 (Cl−)**
硝酸 (HNO3)* 硝酸盐离子 (NO3−)**
水合氢离子 (H3O+) 水 (H2O)
硫酸氢离子 (HSO4−) 硫酸盐离子 (SO42−)
磷酸 (H3PO4) 磷酸二氢离子 (H2PO4−)
氟化氢 (HF) 氟化离子 (F−)
亚氮酸 (HNO2) 亚硝酸盐 (NO2−)
醋酸 (CH3CO2H) 醋酸盐离子 (CH3CO2−)
碳酸 (H2CO3) 碳酸氢离子 (HCO3−)
硫化氢 (H2S) 硫化氢离子 (HS−)
铵离子 (NH4+) 氨 (NH3)
氰化氢 (HCN) 氰化物离子 (CN−)
碳酸氢离子 (HCO3−) 碳酸盐 (CO32−)
水 (H2O) 氢氧化物离子 (OH−)
硫化氢离子 (HS−)† 硫化物离子 (S2−)‡
乙醇 (C2H5OH)† 环氧离子 (C2H5O−)‡
氨 (NH3)† 氨离子 (NH2−)‡
氢 (H2)† 氢化物离子 (H−)‡
甲烷 (CH4)† 甲基化离子 (CH3−)‡
*在水中进行完全酸离子化
† 不在水中发生酸离子化
**不在水中进行碱离子化
‡  在水中进行完整的碱离子化

所示的共轭酸碱基对列表的排列是为了显示每种物质与水相比的相对强度。在酸栏中,水之下列出的那些物质是弱于水的酸。这些物质在水中不会发生酸离子化;它们不是布朗斯特-劳里酸。水以上列出的所有物质均为强酸,当溶于水溶液中以产生水合氢离子时,质子会在一定程度上转移质子到水中。在水上但在水合氢离子以下的物种是弱酸,会发生部分酸电离,而在水合氢离子以上的物种是在水溶液中完全电离的强酸。

本文改编自 Openstax,化学 2e,第14.3节: 酸和碱的相对强度 。

Transcript

共轭酸碱对的离解常数 之间的关系可以 定量地表示。对于弱酸 Ha,其酸离解常数, Ka,表示为水合氢离子浓度 乘以 A 离子浓度除以 HA 浓度。其共轭碱, A 离子的 碱离解常数, Kb, 表示为 HA 浓度 乘以氢氧化物离子浓度除以 A 离子浓度。如果将 Ka 和 Kb 的表达式相乘,则得到的方程就是 Kw 的平衡表达式。这个方程表明,弱酸的 Ka 与其共轭碱的 Kb 成反比。具有较高 Ka 的强酸总是 具有相应较弱的 Kb 较低的 共轭碱,反之亦然。由于 Kw 的值是常数,这个方程 可以用来计算共轭酸碱对的 Ka 或 Kb,如果他们中的任何一个是已知的。例如,如果碱的 Kb 为 1×10⁻⁶,则其 共轭酸的 Ka 可计算 为 1×10⁻⁸。Ka、Kb 和 Kw之间的关系也可以 用它们的负对数,pKa、pKb 和 pKw 来表示。对于方程 Ka 乘以 Kb 等于 Kw,当取两边的负对数时,得到的方程是 pKa 加上 pKb 等于 pKw,pKw 在 25 摄氏度时为 14。pKa 和 pKb 也可以用来比较弱酸 和弱碱的强弱。pKa 值越低,酸性越强。同样地,pKb 值越低,碱性越强。例如,pKa 为 2.1 的酸比 pKa 为 4.6 的酸强。

Key Terms and Definitions

Strong acids – Completely ionize in water and donate protons to form hydronium (eg: HCl). Ka (acid constant) – Quantifies acid strength; higher Ka means stronger acid (eg: HNO₃). pKa – Inverse of acid strength; lower pKa indicates a stronger acid (eg: pKa < 0 for HClO₄). Conjugate base – Resulting ion after acid donates a proton; weaker when acid is strong (eg: Cl⁻). Hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) – Formed by strong acids in water; indicates high proton availability

Learning Objectives

Define Conjugate Strengths – Explain how acid-base strength relates to ionization constants (e.g., conjugate) Use Ka and Kb Values – Interpret Ka, Kb, and their relation via Kw equilibrium (e.g., Ka) Compare pKa and pKb – Show how pKa and pKb values indicate acid/base strength (e.g., pKa) Explain Mechanism or Process – Analyze equations linking ionization constants to conjugate pair behavior Apply in Context – Predict relative strength of acids and bases using data and pKa/pKb trends

Questions that this video will help you answer

What is a strong acid and how does it behave in water? How are Ka and pKa values used to compare acid strengths? What is the role of a conjugate base in acid-base reactions??

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Students – Learn effective strategies for studying and memorizing complex lists Educators – Teach memory techniques with concrete and engaging examples Researchers – Explore cognitive tools used in learning and memory enhancement Science Enthusiasts – Discover fun, structured ways to remember scientific facts

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共轭酸碱对 解离常数 弱酸 Ka 水合氢离子浓度 A 离子浓度 HA 浓度 碱解离常数 Kb 共轭碱 氢氧根离子浓度 Kw 的平衡表达 强酸 弱共轭碱 KW 的常数值 计算 Ka 或 Kb 负对数 PKa PKb PKW 弱酸的强度

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