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JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
溶液形成的能量学
溶液形成的能量学
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
Energetics of Solution Formation

2.3: 溶液形成的能量学

7,088 Views
02:35 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

溶液的形成是自发的过程。自发过程是在特定条件下发生的,,无需外部能量输入。

当溶液中溶质和溶剂之间的分子间吸引力的强度与各自分离状态下的分子间吸引力的强度相同时,溶液的形成不会伴随能量变化。 溶液的形成需要完全克服溶质-溶质和溶剂-溶剂静电力,同时建立溶质与溶剂分子之间的吸引力。如果溶质内的静电力明显大于溶剂化力,则溶解过程会显著吸热,并且化合物可能不易溶解。 另一方面,如果溶剂化力远强于化合物的静电力,溶解过程则会显著放热,并且化合物可能高度溶解。

在溶解过程中,内部能量一般会发生变化,表现为热量的吸收或释放。 当溶质分子在整个溶剂中均匀分布而形成溶液时,总是会导致物质分散度的增加。 虽然放热溶解过程有利于自发形成溶液,但并不意味着一定能发生。虽然许多可溶性化合物确实会随着热量的释放而溶解,但有些化合物会吸热溶解。 与溶质溶剂化时相比,吸热溶解需要更多的能量输入来分离溶质物质,但由于伴随溶液形成的无序性增加(熵增大),吸热溶解仍然是自发的。

本文改编自 Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 11.1: The Dissolution Process.

Transcript

当溶质和溶剂混合形成溶液时,它们的组成分子之间有三个主要的力,或分子间力;即溶质分子之间的吸引力、溶剂分子之间的吸引力以及溶剂和溶质分子之间的吸引力。

要使溶质溶解在溶剂中,必须破坏溶质颗粒之间的溶质-溶质相互作用,以允许溶质和溶剂颗粒之间有更多的相互作用点。

必须破坏溶剂颗粒之间的溶剂间相互作用,以适应溶剂分子之间的溶质颗粒。

必须建立溶剂和溶质颗粒之间的溶剂-溶质相互作用,以便物质可以混合。

溶质在溶剂中的溶解程度取决于这三种类型的相互作用相互比较的强度。

如果溶剂-溶质相互作用足够强,可以克服溶质-溶质和溶剂-溶剂相互作用,那么溶质将很容易溶解在溶剂中。

溶解度既取决于溶质分子和溶剂分子之间的分子间作用力,也取决于混合趋势,而混合趋势是由系统熵的增加驱动的。

溶液的形成不会降低原子的势能;相反,它会将它们的动能分布在更大的体积上。这种能量的分散增加了每个相的熵,使溶液的形成成为一个自发的过程。

溶质-溶质和溶剂-溶剂颗粒相互作用的破坏需要能量输入来克服它们之间的吸引力,使这些步骤本质上是吸热的。

而溶质和溶剂颗粒的混合是一个放热步骤,因为溶质颗粒和溶剂颗粒之间的吸引力相互作用会释放能量。

解的净焓变是每一步中焓变的总和。如果净焓变为负,则该过程为放热,而如果净焓变为正,则该过程为吸热。

Explore More Videos

能量学 溶液形成 自发过程 分子间作用力 溶质 溶剂 能量变化 静电力 溶解过程 吸热 放热 溶剂化力 高度溶解 内能变化 热吸收 物质分散

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