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Organic Chemistry
燃烧能:烷烃和环烷烃稳定性的度量
燃烧能:烷烃和环烷烃稳定性的度量
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

3.14: 燃烧能:烷烃和环烷烃稳定性的度量

7,356 Views
02:14 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

烷烃的低反应性可归因于 C-C 和 C-H σ 键的非极性性质。 因此,烷烃最初被称为"石蜡"(paraffins),源自拉丁词:parum(意为"太少")和affinis(意为"亲和力")。

烷烃在过量氧气和高温条件下燃烧,生成二氧化碳和水。 燃烧反应是天然气、液化石油气(LPG)、燃料油、汽油、柴油和航空燃料的主要能量来源。燃烧过程中释放的能量称为燃烧热 (−ΔH°),有助于预测烷烃和环烷烃的相对稳定性。

对于直链烷烃,燃烧热随着CH2基团的顺序添加而逐渐增加。然而,在高级烷烃中,燃烧热随着支化的增加而降低,这表明支化异构体的势能较低,稳定性高于直链烷烃。在环烷烃中,相对稳定性取决于应变能,而应变能是角应变、扭转应变和空间位阻应变的综合结果。应变能是实际燃烧热与预测燃烧热之间的差异。研究对应变能随环尺寸变化的规律表明,最小的环烷烃 (C3) 由于其键角过度压缩而表现出最大应变。 随着环尺寸的增加,键角接近环己烷 (C6) 无应变的理想值 109°。在更大的环烷烃(C7 至 C9)中,进一步应变是由它们的非理想键角造成的。

Transcript

烷烃由于强非极性 C-C 和 C-H σ键而表现出低反应性。

在高温条件下,烷烃在过量的氧气中燃烧,会产生二氧化碳和水。

燃烧反应构成了热能和电能的基础。

燃烧过程中释放的能量(称为燃烧热)有助于预测烷烃和环烷烃的相对稳定性。

对于一系列直链烷烃,连续添加 CH2 基团逐渐增加燃烧热,平均增加 658.5 kJ mol-1。

现在,考虑辛烷的不同异构体燃烧以产生相同的产品分子和不同的实验燃烧热。

直链异构体具有最高的燃烧负热。释放的热量随着支化而略有减少,这表明支化增加会降低势能并提高异构体的稳定性。

在环烷烃中,其中几个 CH2 基团通过 C-C 键连接在一起,预测的燃烧热是"CH2 基团平均燃烧能量的 n 倍"。

对于应变的环烷烃,实际燃烧热略高于预测值。实际值和预测值之间的差值给出了应变能。

应变能与环尺寸的关系图显示,由于环丙烷的键角从 109.5° 到 60° 过度压缩,因此具有最大应变。

环丁烷的能量降低,其次是环戊烷,是相对于它们降低的总应变,而环己烷几乎是无应变的。

C7 至 C9 环烷烃中的中等应变能主要由其构象中的非理想键角引起的扭转和空间应变引起。

Explore More Videos

燃烧能 稳定性 烷烃 环烷烃 反应性 非极性 C-C键 C-H键 石蜡 亲和力 燃烧反应 二氧化碳 水 燃烧热 相对稳定性 直链烷烃 支化 支链异构体 势能 环烷烃稳定性 应变能 角应变 扭转应变 空间应变

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