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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.
乙酰胆碱的药理作用通过其与两个胆碱受体家族或毒蕈碱受体家族结合而产生,即毒蕈碱受体和尼古丁受体。毒蕈碱受体是G蛋白耦联受体,有五个亚型,即M1–M5。所有M受体亚型都由乙酰胆碱激活,并由拮抗剂阿托品阻断。
M1, M3,和M5亚型与Gq 亚基偶联,激活磷脂酶C(PLC)活性,释放细胞内Ca2+。PLC的激活伴随着次级信使肌醇-1,4,5-磷酸(IP332+激活蛋白激酶C(PKC),磷酸化蛋白质产生生理效应。
M2和M4亚型与Gi亚基偶联,降低腺苷酸环化酶活性,增加 K+导性。这减少环腺苷酸单磷酸(cAMP)的产生,激活向内矫正的钾电流,并抑制电压门控Ca2+通道。其结果是抑制可兴奋膜并使其超极化。
M1受体,也称为神经受体,主要位于中枢神经系统、周围神经系统和壁细胞。这些受体通过迷走神经刺激调节胃肠分泌、学习、运动功能和记忆。M2受体,也称为心脏受体,主要位于心脏,调节负性肌力和心率影响,同时刺激平滑肌收缩。M3受体在平滑肌和腺体中广泛存在,激活它们会刺激肌肉收缩和腺体分泌。M4和M5受体位于中枢神经系统,限制神经递质释放。
胆碱能受体或胆碱受体根据它们对特定生物碱(毒蕈碱或尼古丁)的亲和力分为毒蕈碱受体或烟碱受体。
mAChR 对毒蕈碱的亲和力高于 ACh 或尼古丁。
在结构上,它们是 GPCR,分为五个亚型:M1 至 M5
。奇数亚型与一种 Gq 蛋白有关,该蛋白通过 IP3 /DAG 通路激活磷脂酶 C,该通路增加细胞内 Ca2+ 以产生生理反应。
另一方面,M2 和 M4 受体与 Gi 蛋白偶联并抑制腺苷酸环化酶。这会降低 cAMP 并打开 K+ 通道,从而导致可兴奋组织的超极化。
M1 受体位于 CNS、外分泌腺和自主神经节,而 M2 受体位于心脏组织中。
M3 受体位于外分泌腺和平滑肌中。M4 和 M5 受体主要位于 CNS 中。
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