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Pharmacology
抗哮喘药物:吸入性皮质类固醇和糖皮质激素
抗哮喘药物:吸入性皮质类固醇和糖皮质激素
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19.6: 抗哮喘药物:吸入性皮质类固醇和糖皮质激素

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01:25 min
December 19, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

吸入性皮质类固醇 (ICS) 是一种主要用于治疗持续性哮喘和提供长期维持治疗的抗炎药物。它们针对支气管粘膜,即气道的内壁,来控制炎症,这是哮喘进展和加重的关键因素。

ICS 通过多方面的作用机制发挥作用。它们抑制由 Th 细胞增殖引起的炎症反应。它们还降低了 IL-2 基因的转录,该基因参与了免疫系统对病原体的反应。最后,ICS 减少了促炎细胞因子的形成。

此外,ICS 抑制血管扩张剂的产生,这种物质能扩张血管,并减少嗜酸性粒细胞(另一种导致炎症的免疫细胞)释放介质。

ICS 治疗中使用了几种化合物,包括倍氯米松、布地奈德、氟替卡松、莫米松和环索奈德。这些药物可防止慢性哮喘进展,也可有效治疗急性重症病例。它们是 FDA 批准的用于预防持续性哮喘患者哮喘症状的首选治疗方法。

ICS 通常通过吸入器给药,可将药物直接定向输送到气道。间隔器是定量吸入器的附件,可确保更多药物到达肺部,更少药物沉积在口腔和喉咙中,从而进一步改善药物输送。

尽管 ICS 有好处,但它也会引起一些不良反应。这些可能包括口咽念珠菌病(鹅口疮)、喉咙痛、声音嘶哑和高剂量下的肾上腺抑制。吸入后漱口以去除残留药物,降低鹅口疮的风险。为了尽量减少其他不良反应,患者应使用最低有效剂量的 ICS,并确保采用正确的吸入技术,以减少药物在喉咙中的沉积。

尽管存在这些潜在的副作用,但 ICS 可以显著改善哮喘症状和生活质量。对于患有严重哮喘的患者,ICS 甚至可以消除与更多全身副作用相关的口服糖皮质激素的需求。由于其有效性和相对安全性,ICS 仍然是哮喘管理的基石。

Transcript

吸入皮质类固醇 (ICS) 是哮喘管理中至关重要的强效抗炎药。它们精确地针对支气管粘膜来控制炎症。

它们可有效抑制急性发作和慢性哮喘进展。

ICS 的作用机制是多方面的。它们抑制 Th 细胞克隆增殖,减少 IL-2 基因转录,并减少细胞因子的产生。

它们还抑制血管舒张并减少嗜酸性粒细胞的介质释放。

主要的 ICS 包括倍氯米松、布地奈德、氟替卡松、莫米松、环索奈德和曲安奈德。

ICS 通过吸入途径给药。储雾罐可以连接到定量吸入器上,以优化药物输送。

ICS 的潜在不良反应包括口咽念珠菌病、咽痛、沙哑的声音和大剂量的肾上腺抑制。风险缓解措施包括使用储雾罐和吸入后漱口。

尽管存在这些缺点,但持续使用 ICS 可以改善哮喘症状,并可能消除严重病例对口服糖皮质激素的需求。

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