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JoVE Core
Medical-Surgical Nursing
呼吸道的物理评估 IV:叩击
呼吸道的物理评估 IV:叩击
JoVE Core
Medical-Surgical Nursing
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JoVE Core Medical-Surgical Nursing
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract III: Percussion

1.8: 呼吸道的物理评估 IV:叩击

3,387 Views
01:29 min
October 25, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

呼吸系统是生命的基础,由负责气体交换的复杂结构组成。叩诊评估对于了解该系统的健康和功能至关重要。这种非侵入性评估技术使医疗保健提供者能够评估肺部的密度或通气情况,从而识别潜在的异常情况。

呼吸评估中的叩击法

叩击检查通过可听见和可触知的振动来评估底层组织成分,区分空气、液体和固体物质。在前胸和后胸上进行,可以检测健康肺组织产生的共振变化。肺部浊音可能表明充满空气的肺组织被液体或固体组织取代。

操作从后胸开始,横跨两个肩膀的顶部,定位于肺尖上方的共振点。该过程继续向下至后胸,以 5 至 6 厘米的间隔敲击对称区域。在此过程中,应避免敲击肩胛骨或肋骨等骨质结构。

叩击前胸时,从锁骨上部开始,然后向下,每次一个肋间隙。在第三和第五肋间隙之间,胸骨左侧出现浊音是正常的,因为这是心脏的位置。同样,在右肋缘的肺部下方,肝脏浊音的范围也是正常的。

膈肌运动

评估叩击的一个重要部分是评估膈肌运动,膈肌在吸气和呼气时会改变位置。膈肌的运动范围可以提供有关肺部健康的重要线索。

为了评估膈肌的位置和运动,要求患者深吸一口气并屏住呼吸,同时敲击膈肌的最大下降点。吸气和呼气时最大下降区域之间的距离表示膈肌运动的程度。

叩诊音

叩诊音会根据被检查组织的类型和状况而变化。以下是可能听到的典型声音:

  • 实音:在正常肺部可以听到的低音调声音。
  • 过清音:在肺部过度充气时听到的一种比正常共振更低沉、更响亮的声音,例如在慢性阻塞性肺病和急性哮喘中。
  • 鼓音:在充满气体的胃、肠或气胸中听到的类似鼓的、响亮的、空洞的声音。
  • 浊音:在混合固体和肺组织区域听到的中等强度音调和持续时间的声音,例如肝脏顶部区域、部分实变的肺组织(肺炎)或充满液体的胸膜腔。
  • 实变音:在没有空气的非常致密的组织中,例如膈肌以下的后胸,可以听到短暂的柔和、高音调且持续时间短的声音。

总之,叩诊是了解呼吸系统解剖结构和功能的重要评估工具。它为肺部健康和系统内潜在异常提供了重要见解。

Transcript

开始叩诊评估时,将患者直立并身体前倾,双臂交叉进行胸部后部检查。

开始敲击肩部。确定肺尖上方约 5 厘米的共振区。

然后,向下移动,每 5 到 6 厘米叩诊对称区域,避开骨结构。

接下来,移至前胸,在锁骨上区域开始叩诊,然后向肋间向下发展。

要观察横膈肌偏移,请患者深吸气。敲击并标记在最大横膈膜下降时从共鸣到沉闷的过渡。

接下来,让患者完全呼气并再次叩诊以找到浊音水平,并测量两个标记之间的距离以确定横膈肌运动。

最后,解释听到的打击乐声音。

共振 :正常肺组织上低沉的声音。

过度共振 :在过度充气的肺部发出响亮、低调的声音。

鼓室 : 在充满气体的气胸上发出鼓状、响亮、空洞的声音。

沉闷 : 肺组织上发出中等音调的声音。

平音 :隔膜上柔和、高亢的声音。

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