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Medical-Surgical Nursing
消化性溃疡病五:手术治疗和护理
消化性溃疡病五:手术治疗和护理
JoVE Core
Medical-Surgical Nursing
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Peptic Ulcer Disease V: Surgical Management and Nursing Care

10.8: 消化性溃疡病五:手术治疗和护理

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01:25 min
May 22, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

手术治疗和护理对于消化性溃疡病(PUD)的治疗来说是至关重要的。以下是对消化性溃疡病的手术干预和相关护理的详细概述:

消化性溃疡病的手术干预

  1. 迷走神经切断术: 该手术旨在通过切断迷走神经的一部分来减少胃酸分泌。虽然效果显著,但由于有效抑酸药物的普及,其应用频率已经明显降低。手术可以选择是否与幽门成形术进行结合。 幽门成形术通常会与迷走神经切断术联合进行,以此来重建幽门通道,从而通过使其扩宽来改善胃排空。
  2. 部分胃切除术: 该手术旨在通过切除部分胃来消除胃酸的来源,其中包括胃窦切除术或胃次全切除术。胃窦切除术切除的是胃的远端三分之一,而胃次全切除术则切除的是胃的中部和远端三分之一。切除后,通过将剩余的胃与十二指肠(胃十二指肠吻合术或 Billroth I)或空肠(胃空肠吻合术或 Billroth II)进行吻合来恢复消化道的连续性。由于医学治疗技术的进步,这些手术现在已经较少使用。

消化性溃疡的护理

护理在消化性溃疡(PUD)的急性期和恢复期中发挥着至关重要的作用。其核心是确保患者舒适、提供健康教育以及预防并发症。

急性期护理

  1. 评估:护士应当对疼痛进行评估,并且需要注意其中的模式和相关的危险因素。
  2. 禁食状态:保持禁食状态(不经口部进食)来使得胃部能够得到充分休息。
  3. 静脉注射与药物治疗:通过静脉输液的方式来维持水分,同时根据需要来开具止痛药和抑酸药物。
  4. 监测摄入量与排出量:详细记录患者的液体摄入和体液排出量,以此来有效评估其水分平衡状态。

门诊(术后)护理

  1. 药物教育:向患者说明处方药物的使用方案,强调按医嘱服药的重要性和不遵从治疗可能带来的风险。
  2. 调整生活方式:建议患者避免使用非处方药物、饮酒和吸烟,因为这些行为可能会加重消化性溃疡的病情。
  3. 饮食指南:鼓励患者在轻松的环境下按时进餐,以此来帮助消化并减轻胃部压力。
  4. 随访:强调定期与医疗提供者随访的重要性,以此来监测康复情况并预防疾病复发。
  5. 压力管理:教授生物反馈等应对技巧,从而使其能够有效地缓解压力。

消化性溃疡的外科治疗旨在通过手术的方式来减少胃酸的产生并改善胃排空。护理则侧重于疼痛管理、患者教育和生活方式的调整,以此来支持患者康复并有效预防发生并发症。

Transcript

消化性溃疡病的手术干预包括迷走神经切断术,联合或不联合幽门成形术,通过横切迷走神经的一部分来减少胃酸分泌。

相比之下,幽门成形术可拓宽幽门通道以改善胃排空。

接下来,胃部分切除术包括胃窦切除术,即切除胃远端三分之一,或胃次全切除术,这需要切除中间和远端三分之一。

切除后,胃与十二指肠吻合,称为胃十二指肠造口术或 Billroth I,或空肠,称为胃空肠吻合术或 Billroth II。

术后护理管理包括监测生命体征、维持 NPO 状态、服用镇痛药和静脉输液、使用鼻胃管进行胃减压以及记录进气量和呼出量。

鼓励尽早行走,以防止肺栓塞等并发症,并检查手术部位是否有感染迹象,如发红。

警惕腹痛、呕血和发烧等并发症的迹象,这些迹象可能表明吻合口瘘、出血或感染。

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