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JoVE Core
Introduction to Psychology
认知理论:沙赫特-辛格情绪理论
认知理论:沙赫特-辛格情绪理论
JoVE Core
Introduction to Psychology
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JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology
Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

8.18: 认知理论:沙赫特-辛格情绪理论

1,760 Views
01:20 min
May 22, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

斯坦利·沙赫特和杰罗姆·辛格提出了情绪的双因素理论,强调了生理唤醒和认知标记在形成情绪体验方面的相互作用。这一理论表明,情绪不仅仅是生理反应的结果,而是生理反应与个人对它们的认知解释的结合。

生理唤醒和认知标记

根据这一理论,当个体经历生理唤醒(例如心率加快或出汗)时,他们会主动寻找外部线索来确定原因并将其标记为一种特定的情绪。例如,在受到称赞后,一个人可能会将随之而来的唤醒解释为“幸福”。相比之下,如果某人在做错事(例如考试作弊)后出现了生理变化,他们则可能会将这种情绪标记为“内疚”。这种标记过程意味着情绪不是生理状态所固有的,而是取决于如何根据情境因素对唤醒进行解释。

实验证据

沙赫特(Schachter)和辛格(Singer)通过给参与者注射肾上腺素(即一种能够引起生理兴奋的药物)来验证他们的理论。随后,这些参与者被置于另一个表现出兴奋或愤怒行为的人面前。研究发现,参与者的情绪体验在很大程度上取决于他们观察到的另一个人的行为。参与者在兴奋的人身边感到快乐,而在愤怒的人身边感到愤怒。值得注意的是,这种情绪状态的错误归因只发生在参与者不知道药物的作用的情况下。那些知道自己兴奋原因的人则正确地将其归因于注射而不是周围的环境,从而避免了错误的情绪标签。

这一理论的意义

这一实验强调,虽然生理唤醒是强烈情绪的核心组成部分,但基于情境线索的对这种唤醒的认知解释最终决定了情绪体验。这一观点提供了关于情绪根据情境因素被塑造、改变或曲解的方式的见解。

Transcript

Stanley Schachter 和 Jerome Singer 提出了情绪的双因素理论,侧重于生理唤醒和认知标签。根据他们的说法,当个体经历生理唤醒时,他们会寻求外部线索来标记情绪。

例如,收到赞美后感觉良好可能会被贴上"幸福"的标签,而做错事(例如考试作弊)后感觉不舒服可能会被贴上"内疚"的标签。

在一项实验中,注射肾上腺素的参与者要么被告知,要么不知道其引起唤醒的作用。他们在另一个人在场的情况下被观察到,表现出欣快或愤怒的行为。

参与者对他们唤醒的解释取决于对方的行为。他们在快乐的人身边感到快乐,在愤怒的人身边感到愤怒。

这种效果只有在参与者不知道他们唤醒的真正原因时才会发生——注射时,虽然意识到药物的效果不会导致情绪状态的错误归因。

这项研究表明,强烈的情绪与生理唤醒有关,但对这种唤醒的认知解释最终会塑造情绪。

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