• Education
• JoVE Core
  • Biology
  • • Wissenschaftliche Methodik
    • Chemie des Lebens
    • Makromoleküle
  • • Zellstruktur und Funktion
    • Membranen und zellulärer Transport
    • Zellkommunikation
    • Stoffwechsel
    • Cellular Respiration
    • Photosynthesis
    • Zellzyklus und Zellteilung
  • • Meiosis
    • Klassische und moderne Genetik
    • DNA-Struktur und -Funktion
    • Genexpression
    • Biotechnologie
    • Viren
  • • Ernährung und Verdauung
    • Nervensystem
    • Sensorische Systeme
    • Bewegungsapparat
    • Endokrines System
    • Kreislauf- und Lungensysteme
    • Osmoregulation und Ausscheidung
    • Das Immunsystem
    • Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung
  • • Verhalten
    • Ökosysteme
    • Bevölkerung und Gemeinschaftsökologie
    • Biodiversität und Naturschutz
  • • Artbildung und Diversität
    • Natürliche Auslese
    • Populationsgenetik
    • Evolutionsgeschichte
  • • Pflanzenstruktur, Wachstum und Ernährung
    • Pflanzenreproduktion
    • Reaktion der Pflanzen auf die Umwelt
  • Cell Biology
  • • Zellen, Genome und Evolution
    • Biochemie der Zelle
    • Energie und Katalyse
    • Einführung in den Metabolismus
    • Proteinstruktur
    • Proteinfunktion
    • Struktur und Organisation der DNA
    • DNA Replikation und Reparatur
    • Transkription: DNA zu RNA
    • Translation: Von der RNA zum Protein
    • Control of Gene Expression
    • Struktur und Komponenten der Membran
    • Membrantransport und aktive Transporter
    • Kanäle und die elektrischen Eigenschaften von Membranen
    • Transmembrantransport im endoplasmatischen Retikulum und in Peroxisomen
    • Intrazelluläre Kompartimente und Proteinsortierung
    • Intrazellulärer Membranverkehr
    • Endozytose und Exozytose
    • Mitochondrien und Energieproduktion
    • Chloroplasten und Photosynthese
    • Prinzipien der Zellsignalisierung
    • Signalnetzwerke von G Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptoren
    • Signalnetzwerke von Kinase-Rezeptoren
    • Alternative Signalwege bei der Genexpression
    • Das Zytoskelett I: Aktin und Mikrofilamente
    • Das Zytoskelett II: Mikrotubuli und Intermediärfilamente
    • Extrazelluläre Matrix bei Tieren
    • Zell-Matrix-Interaktionen
    • Zell-Zell-Interaktionen
    • Zellpolarisierung und Migration
    • Struktur und Organisation von Pflanzenzellen
    • Analysieren von Zellen und Proteinen
    • Visualisierung von Zellen, Geweben und Molekülen
    • Zellproliferation
    • Zellteilung
    • Meiose
    • Zelltod
    • Krebs
    • Stammzellbiologie und -erneuerung in epithelialem Gewebe
    • Ein hierarchisches Stammzellsystem: Bildung von Blutzellen
    • Fibroblastentransformation und Muskelstammzellen
    • Regeneration und Reparatur
    • Embryonale und induzierte pluripotente Stammzellen
  • Molecular Biology
  • • DNA, Zellen und Evolution
    • Die Biochemie der Zelle
    • Struktur von Proteinen
    • Protein Function
    • DNA und Struktur von Chromosomen
    • DNA Replication
    • DNA-Reparatur und Rekombination
    • Transkription: Von DNA zu RNA
    • Translation: Von RNA zum Protein
    • Genexpression
    • Weitere Funktionen von RNA
  • • Mendelsche Genetik
    • Genome und Evolution
    • Zell-Signalwege
    • Erforschung von DNA und RNA
    • Analyse von Genexpression und Funktion
    • Cell Proliferation
    • Zellteilung
    • Meiose
    • Cancer
  • Chemistry
  • • Einführung: Materie und Messung
    • Atome und Elemente
    • Moleküle, Verbindungen und chemische Gleichungen
    • Chemische Mengen und wässrige Reaktionen
    • Gase
    • Thermochemie
    • Elektronische Struktur von Atomen
    • Periodische Eigenschaften der Elemente
    • Chemische Bindungen: Grundlegende Konzepte
    • Chemische Bindungen: Molekulare Geometrie und Bindungstheorien
    • Flüssigkeiten, Feststoffe und zwischenmolekulare Kräfte
    • Lösungen und Kolloide
    • Chemische Kinetik
    • Chemisches Gleichgewicht
    • Säuren und Basen
    • Säure-Base- und Löslichkeitsgleichgewicht
    • Thermodynamik
    • Elektrochemie
    • Radioaktivität und Nuklearchemie
    • Übergangsmetalle und Komplexe
    • API error
  • Organic Chemistry
  • • Kovalente Bindung und Struktur
    • Thermodynamik und chemische Kinetik
    • Alkane und Cycloalkane
    • Stereoisomerie
    • Säuren und Basen
    • Nukleophile Substitutions- und Eliminierungsreaktionen von Alkylhalogeniden
    • Struktur und Reaktivität der Alkene
    • API error
    • API error
    • Alkohole und Phenole
    • Ether, Epoxide, Sulfide
    • Aldehyde und Ketone
    • Carbonsäuren
    • Carbonsäurederivate
    • α-Kohlenstoffchemie: Enole, Enolate und Enamine
    • Diene, konjugierte Pi-Systeme und pericyclische Reaktionen
    • Aromatische Verbindungen
    • Reaktionen von aromatischen Verbindungen
    • Amine
    • API error
    • Synthetische Polymere
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • • Chemical Applications of Statistical Analyses
    • Chemical Equilibria
    • Acid–Base Titration
    • Introduction to Separation Methods
    • Complexometric Titration, Precipitation Titration, and Gravimetry
    • Principles of Mass Spectrometry
    • Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
    • Interpreting Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra
    • Method Development and Sampling Techniques
    • Electrochemical Analyses and Redox Titration
    • Principles of Chromatography
    • Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy
    • Molecular Vibrational Spectroscopy
    • Atomic Spectroscopy
    • Mass Spectrometry Fragmentation Methods
    • Advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  • Physics
  • • Units, Dimensions, and Measurements
    • Vectors and Scalars
    • Motion Along a Straight Line
    • Motion in Two or Three Dimensions
    • Newton's Laws of Motion
    • Application of Newton's Laws of Motion
    • Work and Kinetic Energy
    • Potential Energy and Energy Conservation
    • Linear Momentum, Impulse and Collisions
    • Rotation and Rigid Bodies
    • Dynamics of Rotational Motions
    • Equilibrium and Elasticity
    • Fluid Mechanics
    • Gravitation
    • Oscillations
    • Waves
    • Sound
    • Temperature and Heat
    • The Kinetic Theory of Gases
    • The First Law of Thermodynamics
    • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
    • Electric Charges and Fields
    • Gauss's Law
    • Electric Potential
    • Capacitance
    • Current and Resistance
    • Direct-Current Circuits
    • Magnetic Forces and Fields
    • Sources of Magnetic Fields
    • Electromagnetic Induction
    • Inductance
    • Alternating-Current Circuits
    • Electromagnetic Waves
  • Statistics
  • • Understanding Statistics
    • Summarizing and Visualizing Data
    • Measure of Central Tendency
    • Measures of Variation
    • Measures of Relative Standing
    • Probability Distributions
    • Estimates
    • Distributions
    • Hypothesis Testing
    • Analysis of Variance
    • Correlation and Regression
    • Statistics in Practice
    • Nonparametric Statistics
    • Biostatistics
    • Survival Analysis
    • Statistical Softwares
    • Control Charts
  • Anatomy and Physiology
  • • Introduction to the Human Body
    • Diagnostic Imaging Techniques
    • Fundamentals of Chemistry
    • Biochemistry of the Cell
    • Cells and their Components
    • Cell Membrane Structure and Functions
    • Essential Cellular Processes
    • Tissues of the Human Body
    • The Integumentary System
    • Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
    • The Axial Skeleton
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The Joints
    • Muscle Tissue
    • The Muscular System
    • The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
    • Anatomy of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System
    • Functions of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System
    • The Autonomic Nervous System
    • The Special Senses
    • The Endocrine System
    • Blood
    • The Heart
    • Blood Vessels and Circulation
    • The Lymphatic and Immune System
    • The Respiratory System
    • Digestive System
    • Absorption of Nutrients
    • The Urinary System
    • Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
    • The Reproductive System
  • Pharmacology
  • • General Pharmacological Principles
    • Adverse Drug Effects and Chemical Toxicity
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Pharmacodynamics
    • Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System: Cholinergic Agonists and Antagonists Agents
    • Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System: Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists Agents
    • Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
    • Local Anesthetics
    • Cardiovascular Drugs: Antihypertensive Drugs
    • Cardiovascular Drugs: Antiarrhythmic and Heart Failure Drugs
    • Cardiovascular Drugs: Anticoagulants and Antianginal Agents
    • Drug Abuse and Addiction
    • Drugs for Pain Management: Opioid Analgesics and General Anesthetics
    • Pharmacotherapy of Psychosis and Mania
    • Pharmacotherapy of Depression and Anxiety Disorders
    • Anxiolytics, Sedatives and Hypnotics
    • Pharmacotherapy of the Epilepsies
    • Introduction to Respiratory System Drugs
    • Lower Respiratory Disorders
    • Other Respiratory Disorders
    • Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease
    • Drugs Affecting Gastrointestinal Motility
    • Drugs for Chronic Bowel Disorders
    • Drugs for Nausea and Vomiting
    • Insulin and Hypoglycemic Drugs
  • Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
  • • Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Introduction
    • Biostatistics: Introduction
    • Pharmacokinetics: Drug Absorption
    • Pharmacokinetics: Drug Distribution and Protein Binding
    • Pharmacokinetics: Drug Biotransformation
    • Pharmacokinetics: Drug Excretion and Clearance
    • Pharmacokinetic Models
    • Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics
  • Nursing
  • • Introduction to Nursing
    • Introduction to Health
    • Healthcare Delivery Systems
    • Communication
    • Infection Prevention and Control
    • The Nursing Process I
    • The Nursing Process II
    • The Nursing Process III
    • Documentation and Reporting
    • Ethical and Legal Aspects in Nursing
    • Vital Signs: Temperature
    • Vital Signs: Pulse
    • Vital Signs: Respiration
    • Vital Signs: Blood Pressure
  • Medical-Surgical Nursing
  • • An Overview of the Respiratory System: Anatomy, Physiology, Assessment, and Abnormalities
    • Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
    • Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
    • Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
    • Chest Injuries
    • Diagnostic Studies of Respiratory System
    • Fundamentals of Respiratory Care: Techniques and Management
    • An Overview of the Gastrointestinal System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Assessment
    • Disorders of the Esophagus
    • Gastric and Duodenal Disorders
    • Intestinal and Rectal Disorders
    • Diagnostic and Radiological Studies of the GI System
    • An Overview of the Cardiovascular System: Anatomy, Physiology, Assessment, and Abnormalities
    • Cardiovascular Diagnostic Studies and Procedures
  • Introduction to Psychology
  • • An Introduction to Psychology
    • Biopsychology
    • Sensation and Perception
    • States of Consciousness
    • Learning
    • Thinking, Language And Intelligence
    • Memory
    • Motivation and Emotion
    • Personality
    • Developmental Psychology
    • Stress and Lifestyle
    • Psychological Disorders
    • Treatment of Psychological Disorders
  • Social Psychology
  • • Forschungsmethoden
    • Das soziale Ich
    • Soziale Beurteilung und Entscheidungsfindung
    • Andere verstehen und beeinflussen
    • Einstellungen und Überzeugung
    • Enge Beziehungen
    • Stereotypen, Vorurteile und Diskriminierung
    • Helfen und Verletzen
    • Gruppendynamik
  • Electrical Engineering
  • • Basics of Electric Circuits
    • DC Circuit Analysis
    • Operational Amplifiers
    • Energy Storage Elements
    • First and Second-Order Circuits
    • AC Circuit Analysis
    • AC Steady State Power
    • Three-Phase Circuits
    • Frequency Response
    • Basics of Semiconductors
    • Diodes
    • Transistors
    • Introduction to Signals and Systems
    • Linear Time- Invariant Systems
    • The Laplace Transform
    • Fourier Series
    • The Fourier Transform
    • Sampling
    • z-Transform
    • Introduction to Control Systems
    • Modeling in Time and Frequency Domain
    • Diagrams and Signal Flow Graphs
    • Transient and Steady-state Response Analysis
    • Root-Locus Method
    • Design of Control Systems
    • Power Transformers
    • Transmission Line Parameters
    • Steady-State Transmission Lines and Power Flows
    • Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Faults
    • System Protection
    • Transient Stability and System Controls
    • Transmission Lines: Transient Operation
    • Power Distributions
  • Civil Engineering
  • • Masonry Materials
    • Masonry
    • Wood
    • Introduction to Concrete
    • Aggregates and Water
    • Fresh Concrete
    • Strength of Concrete
    • Mixing, Placing and Curing Concrete
    • Admixtures
    • Elasticity, Creep, and Shrinkage in Concrete
    • Permeability of Concrete
    • Freezing and Thawing in Concrete
    • Design Examples
    • Fluid Properties
    • Fluid Statics
    • Fluid Dynamics
    • Fluid Kinematics
    • Finite Control Volume Analysis
    • Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
    • Dimensional Analysis, Similitude, and Modeling
    • Flow in Pipes
    • Flow over Immersed Bodies
    • Open Channel Flow
    • Introduction to Surveying
    • Leveling
    • Angles and Directions
    • Traverse and Topographic Surveying
    • Horizontal and Vertical Curves
    • Global Positioning System (GPS)
    • Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • • Physics Basics
    • An Introduction to Statics
    • Force Vectors
    • Equilibrium of a Particle
    • Force System Resultants
    • Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
    • Structural Analysis
    • Internal Forces
    • Friction
    • Center of Gravity and Centroid
    • Moment of Inertia
    • Virtual Work
    • Kinematics of a Particle
    • Kinetics of a Particle: Force and Acceleration
    • Kinetics of a Particle: Impulse and Momentum
    • Planar Kinematics of a Rigid Body
    • 3-Dimensional Kinetics of a Rigid Body
    • Concept of Stress
    • Stress and Strain - Axial Loading
    • Torsion
    • Bending
    • Analysis and Design of Beams for Bending
    • Shearing Stresses in Beams and Thin-Walled Members
    • Transformations of Stress and Strain
    • Principal Stresses under a Given Loading
    • Deflection of Beams
    • Columns
    • Energy Methods
• JoVE Science Education
  • Advanced Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Basic Biology
  • General Laboratory Techniques
  • Basic Methods in Cellular and Molecular Biology
  • Biology I: yeast, Drosophila and C. elegans
  • Biology II: Mouse, Zebrafish, and Chick
  • Lab Animal Research
  • Lab Safety
  • Chemistry
  • General Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Organic Chemistry II
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Clinical Skills
  • Physical Examinations I
  • Physical Examinations II
  • Physical Examinations III
  • Emergency Medicine and Critical Care
  • Nursing Skills
  • Coronavirus / COVID-19 Procedures
  • Physical Examinations IV
  • Engineering
  • Bioengineering
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Structural Engineering
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Engineering
  • Aeronautical Engineering
  • Environmental Sciences
  • Environmental Science
  • Environmental Microbiology
  • Earth Science
  • Physics
  • Physics I
  • Physics II
  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Science
  • Experimental Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuropsychology
  • Sensation and Perception
  • Social Psychology
• JoVE Lab Manual
  • Biology
  • Chemistry
• JoVE Business
  • Marketing
  • • Marketing Fundamentals
    • Marketing Environment
    • Consumer Behaviour
    • Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning
    • Creating Customer Value: Product to Experience
    • Capturing Customer Value: Price to Exchange
    • Delivering Customer Value: Place to Everywhere
    • Communicating Customer Value: Promotion to Evangelism
    • Social Responsibility and Ethics in Marketing
    • Market Research
    • Competitive Marketing Strategies
    • Marketing Metrics
    • Digital Marketing
    • Services Marketing
    • B2B Marketing
    • Global Marketing
    • Contemporary Topics in Marketing
  • Microeconomics
  • • Introduction to Microeconomics
    • Demand and its Elasticities
    • Supply and its Elasticities
    • Market Equilibrium
    • Consumer Behavior
    • Producer Behavior
    • Costs
    • Perfect Competition
    • Monopoly
    • Monopolistic Competition
    • Oligopoly
    • Consumer Surplus, Producer Surplus, and Market Efficiency
    • Analysis of Competitive Markets
    • General Equilibrium Theory and Welfare Economics
    • Economics for Labor Markets
    • Externalities and Public Goods
    • Asymmetric Information and Moral Hazard
    • Game Theory
    • Behavioral Economics
    • Uncertainty
  • Finance
  • • Introduction to Business Finance
    • Financial Markets and Instruments
    • Analysis of Financial Statements
    • Financial Ratio Analysis
    • Time Value of Money
    • Risk and Return
    • Capital Budgeting
    • Cost of Capital
    • Raising Long Term Capital
    • Short-term Financing and Planning
    • Dividend and Payout Policy
    • Stock Valuation
    • Bonds - Concepts and Valuation
    • Mergers & Acquisitions
    • Financial Ethics
    • Behavioural Finance
    • Leasing

• Research
• JoVE Journal
  • Behavior
  • Biochemistry
  • Bioengineering
  • Biology
  • Cancer Research
  • Chemistry
  • Developmental Biology
  • Engineering
  • Environment
  • Genetics
  • Immunology and Infection
  • Medicine
  • Neuroscience
• JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiment
  • Biology
  • Large Animal Models
  • Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)
  • Caenorhabditis elegans (worm)
  • Danio rerio (zebrafish)
  • Rodent Models
  • Cancer Research
  • Breast Cancer
  • Lung Cancer
  • Leukemia
  • Pancreatic Cancer
  • Colorectal Cancer
  • Skin Cancer
  • Gynecologic Cancer
  • Prostate Cancer
  • Gastrointestinal Cancer
  • Head and Neck Cancer
  • Urinary Tract Cancer
  • Cancers of the Nervous System
  • Biological Techniques
  • Genome Editing Techniques
  • Gene Transfer Techniques
  • Staining Techniques
  • Chromatography Techniques
  • Electrophoresis Techniques
  • Assay Techniques
  • PCR Techniques
  • Blot Techniques
  • Biomolecular Interaction Detection Techniques
  • Spectroscopy Techniques
  • Microscopy Techniques
  • Immunology
  • Immune Systems and Components
  • Immune Response
  • Immunopathology
  • Immunodiagnostics
  • Antibody-Based Technologies
  • Immunotherapy
  • Neuroscience
  • Neuronal Culture Techniques
  • Neurophysiology
  • Neuropathology