Chapter 2
Chemical Equilibria
The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first…
The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated…
The effective concentration of a species in a solution can be expressed precisely in terms of its activity. Activity considers the effect of…
Activity is the measure of the effective concentration of the species in solution. It can be expressed as the product of the molar concentration of…
The effect of an inert salt on the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt is known as the salt effect. The degree of the salt effect varies with the…
The extended Debye-Hückel equation indicates that the activity coefficient of an ion in an aqueous solution at 25°C depends on three…
Equilibrium calculations for systems involving multiple equilibria are often complex. For example, to calculate the solubility of a sparingly soluble…
For an ideal solution, the pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. For a non-ideal solution, an accurate…
Understanding the chemistry between the reagents is necessary for performing any experiment. To this end, scientists have designed a tool called a…
Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the…
Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the…
When a substance such as sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming an aqueous solution. The extent of dissolution is called…
Pure water is a weak electrolyte; only a small amount ionizes into hydrogen and hydroxide ions. At any given temperature, the concentration of…
Complexation reactions take place when dative or coordinate covalent bonds form between metal ions and ligands. The compounds formed in these…
In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind…
In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal…
A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather…
In chemistry, titrimetric methods are broadly classified into three types: volumetric, gravimetric, and coulometric. Volumetric titrations involve…
Titrimetric analysis in solution chemistry involves measuring the volume of solutions and is often called volumetric analysis. The standard solution…
The main limitation of NMR-based investigations is low sensitivity. This prompts for long acquisition times, thus preventing real-time NMR…
This paper describes the synthesis and peroxide-modification of nanosize monosodium titanate (nMST), along with an ion-exchange reaction to load the…
Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures
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Tetraiodine nonoxide (I4O9) has been synthesized using a dry approach that combines elemental oxygen and iodine without the introduction of hydrated…
