Pharmacokinetics: Drug Excretion and Clearance

When drugs enter the body, they eventually undergo irreversible elimination. Drug elimination primarily involves excretion and metabolism or …

Eliminating drugs from the body is a vital process that occurs through excretion or metabolism. Understanding the kinetics of drug elimination is crucial …

The kidneys are primary excretory organs, filtering waste products from the bloodstream and excreting them into urine. The kidneys efficiently eliminate …

The kidney serves as the primary organ responsible for eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body. This process, known as renal elimination, …

After glomerular filtration, substances in the tubular lumen transport back into the bloodstream via tubular reabsorption. Nutrients are actively …

Blood exits glomeruli via efferent arterioles, reaching the capillary plexus surrounding the proximal tubule. Here, unfiltered drugs are secreted into the …

Urine pH and a drug's pKa determine its percentage ionization, which influences renal reabsorption and elimination. Urine pH depends on diet, drug …

The hepatic biliary system expels drugs and metabolites via bile secretions. Hepatocytes lining bile canaliculi produce bile that contains water, …

Bile, produced by hepatocytes, primarily comprises water, bile salts, and pigments. Membrane transporters in hepatocytes transfer the drug into bile. …

Drugs are excreted through various unconventional routes, including the lungs, breast milk, and saliva. In the lungs, volatile drugs diffuse into the …

Various bodily processes, including sweating, tears, and the digestive system, contribute to drug excretion. Nonionized lipophilic drugs passively diffuse …

A drug that enters the body gets eliminated by the kidneys and liver through urine or bile, respectively. A pharmacokinetic parameter, drug clearance, …

Drug clearance features irreversible drug removal from any organ in the body. Physiological models determine clearance through an individual organ, …

Clearance directly measures drug elimination from the central compartment, which comprises plasma and highly perfused organs like kidneys and liver. …

Typically, clearance describes the drug elimination from the body using compartment models. An alternative, the noncompartmental approach, estimates …

Renal clearance is defined as a constant fraction of the central volume of distribution containing the drug excreted by the kidney per unit of time. It is …

Renal clearance is the summation of kidney filtration, secretion, and reabsorption calculated by a specific equation. It is typically associated with the …

Various factors impact a drug's renal clearance, including its physical-chemical properties and plasma levels. Molecular size, lipid solubility, and …

Renal clearance, pivotal in drug elimination, can be affected by drug distribution and interactions. Drugs with a large distribution volume or bound to …

Renal dysfunction significantly impairs renal drug clearance. Renal failure can be caused by various factors. Uremia, characterized by impaired glomerular …

In patients with renal impairment, drugs exhibit altered pharmacokinetics. Reduced renal clearance and elimination rate result in prolonged elimination …

Renal clearance can be determined using graphical and midpoint methods. In the graphical method, clearance can be calculated and obtained by plotting the …

Hepatic clearance is the volume of blood cleared of a drug by the liver per unit of time. It equals total body clearance minus renal clearance. Most …

Hepatic clearance can be affected by protein binding based on the extraction ratio of the drug. Drugs with high extraction ratios are flow-limited and …

In the liver's bile canaliculi, modification of influx and efflux transporters can influence intrinsic clearance. Transporters play a major role in …