Pharmacokinetic Models

The drug disposition in the body is a complex process and can be studied using two major approaches: the model and the model-independent approaches. The …

Compartmental analysis is a commonly used approach to characterize drug pharmacokinetics. Compartment models assume the body as a series of reversibly …

A one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model describes the drug concentration-time course in the body post-administration. It views the body as a single, …

The one-compartment open model for IV bolus drug administration considers drug elimination as a monoexponential process. Analyzing the plasma drug …

Clearance signifies the theoretical fluid volume from which a drug is completely removed within a specific timeframe, expressed as volume per unit time. …

IV infusion is suitable when maintenance of constant and stable drug concentration in the body is desired or when the drug poses toxicity risks. For …

Extravascular drug administration occurs via oral, intramuscular, or rectal routes. It relies on absorption for the drug's therapeutic activity. Here, …

The first-order absorption model for extravascular administration considers the rate at which a drug is absorbed, distributed in body tissues, and …

The Wagner-Nelson method estimates the absorption rate constant, ka, for drugs administered without assuming zero- or first-order absorption. Its …

Urinary excretion data helps understand the process of drug elimination from the body, providing insight into the clearance of unaltered drugs. It is a …

Multicompartment models illustrate how drugs are distributed and eliminated within the body. They offer a more accurate depiction than one-compartment …

Multicompartment pharmacokinetic models illustrate drug distribution and elimination within the body. The most common type of these models is the …

The two-compartment model for intravenous bolus administration comprises central and peripheral compartments, representing the distribution of a drug in …

Two-compartment models are pharmacokinetic tools to understand drug distribution. For a drug administered via a constant rate or zero-order intravenous …

Two-compartment models for extravascular administration involve a central and a peripheral compartment. For a drug entering the body via a first-order …

Three-compartment models are similar to the two-compartment model but have an additional deep tissue compartment. The deep tissue compartment represents …

Pharmacokinetic models can be classified as empirical or mechanistic. Empirical models include data description with minimal assumptions about the …

The individual analysis uses mechanistic models involving single-source data. However, data collection errors prevent perfect observed data prediction. In …

Mechanistic models use numerical problem-solving algorithms to evaluate parameters. Some algorithms use linearization techniques to simplify the model …

Physiological models illustrate the drug's distribution and elimination processes within the body. They describe the drug concentration in target …

Physiological models can predict drug disposition assuming linear drug-protein interactions. Compared to conventional models, they effectively predict …

Physiological models generally postulate a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood. Rapid drug equilibrium assumes quick drug diffusion …

Drug transporters are pivotal in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion processes and should be included in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic …

Pharmacokinetic models employ mathematical expressions for predicting drug behavior in the body and calculating pharmacokinetic parameters. Different …

Noncompartmental analysis is an alternative method for describing drug pharmacokinetics without assigning a particular compartmental model to the drug. …

Noncompartmental analyses rely on statistical moment theory to examine time-related changes in macroscopic events. Mean residence time, MRT, describes the …

According to statistical moment theory, mean residence time is the expected mean of a probability density function distribution. It can also be viewed …

When drugs are administered extravascularly, various parameters are considered for noncompartmental analysis. The mean transit time, MTT, is the total …

The noncompartmental approach utilizes various factors, including clearance, bioavailability, and total volume of distribution. Once a drug is …

Physiological and compartmental models used to study biological systems rely on differential equations for mass balance. Physiological models consider …