Chapter 12
Psychological Disorders
Chapter 12
Psychological Disorders
Abnormal behavior is a mental illness rooted in the brain, affecting how an individual thinks, behaves, and interacts with others.
A behavior can be …
Theorists have proposed four approaches to explain the factors contributing to the development of psychological disorders.
First, the biological approach …
The American Psychiatric Association first published the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM in 1952 to standardize the …
Generalized anxiety disorder, or GAD, is characterized by persistent and uncontrollable worry that occurs without a clear cause.
This anxiety often …
Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by sudden and recurring minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks.
These …
Social anxiety disorder, also called social phobia, is an intense fear of being humiliated, rejected, embarrassed, or negatively evaluated in social …
Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD, disrupts daily functioning through repeated and time-consuming engagement in obsessions, compulsions, or both, …
Post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, develops after individuals directly experience, witness, or hear about traumatic events like natural disasters, …
Dissociative disorders are psychological conditions where an individual's conscious awareness becomes dissociated or separated from their previous …
Dissociative amnesia is a type of dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that stems from extensive psychological stress.
Individuals …
Dissociative Identity Disorder, or DID, formerly called multiple personality disorder, occurs when an individual exhibits two or more distinct personality …
Depressive disorders are mental health conditions marked by depression, a persistent lack of pleasure in life.
These disorders commonly affect individuals …
The etiology of depressive disorders includes biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
Biological factors such as genes, particularly …
Bipolar disorder involves intense mood fluctuations, including one or more episodes of mania. Mania presents with heightened energy, euphoria, …
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder marked by an intense fear of gaining weight and a persistent pursuit of thinness through starvation.
Individuals …
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder involving recurring binge-and-purge eating patterns.
Individuals binge on high-calorie foods and purge through …
Binge eating disorder is a mental health condition where individuals repeatedly consume large quantities of food in a short period, often feeling unable …
Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder characterized by highly distorted thought processes.
It is typically diagnosed in early adulthood, around age 18 …
The positive symptoms of schizophrenia involve an excess or distortion of normal functions. Hallucinations and delusions are among these positive …
Thought and movement disorders are among the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Thought disorders characterize disorganized and unusual thought …
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia represent a reduction or loss in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives, in contrast to the distortions or excesses …
Biological causes of schizophrenia include genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, and neurotransmitter imbalances.
Genetic studies reveal …
Psychological causes of schizophrenia were once attributed to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting.
Modern approaches emphasize the …
Personality disorders are chronic and maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are deeply integrated into an individual's personality.
As a …
Schizotypal Personality Disorder is characterized by social withdrawal, eccentric behavior, and odd thought patterns.
As a result, individuals often hold …
Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder have an exaggerated sense of self-importance but still rely excessively on others' evaluations.
…
Dependent personality disorder is characterized by an excessive reliance on others to meet emotional and physical needs.
Individuals with this disorder …
Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by a persistent disregard for the rights and feelings of others and exploitative behaviors, such as using …
Borderline personality disorder is marked by instability in mood, self-image, and relationships, along with impulsive behaviors, typically beginning in …
Autism spectrum disorder, or ASD, is characterized by persistent difficulties in social communication and interaction, including reduced social bonding or …
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is a childhood neurodevelopmental disorder marked by persistent inattention and difficulty with …
Oppositional defiant disorder, or ODD, is a type of behavior disorder. It mostly occurs in childhood and adolescence and may persist into adulthood if not …
Conduct disorder involves a repetitive pattern of behavior violating others' rights or societal norms, typically emerging in childhood or
…
Intellectual disability, previously termed as mental retardation, has been defined by significant cognitive deficits—which have been established …
Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading without …
This protocol offers a detailed description of a psychophysiological experiment using script-driven trauma-related imagery and standardized clinical …
Learning disabilities (LDs) encompass disorders of those who have difficulty learning and using academic skills, exhibiting performance below expectations …
Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and other specified eating or feeding disorders) have a combined prevalence of …