Languages

• Education
• JoVE Core
  • Biology
  • • Scientific Inquiry
    • Chemistry of Life
    • Macromolecules
  • • Cell Structure and Function
    • Membranes and Cellular Transport
    • Cell Signaling
    • Metabolism
    • Cellular Respiration
    • Photosynthesis
    • Cell Cycle and Division
  • • Meiosis
    • Classical and Modern Genetics
    • DNA Structure and Function
    • Gene Expression
    • Biotechnology
    • Viruses
  • • Nutrition and Digestion
    • Nervous System
    • Sensory Systems
    • Musculoskeletal System
    • Endocrine System
    • Circulatory and Pulmonary Systems
    • Osmoregulation and Excretion
    • Immune System
    • Reproduction and Development
  • • Behavior
    • Ecosystems
    • Population and Community Ecology
    • Biodiversity and Conservation
  • • Speciation and Diversity
    • Natural Selection
    • Population Genetics
    • Evolutionary History
  • • Plant Structure, Growth, and Nutrition
    • Plant Reproduction
    • Plant Responses to the Environment
  • Cell Biology
  • • Cells, Genomes, and Evolution
    • Biochemistry of the Cell
    • Energy and Catalysis
    • Introduction to Metabolism
    • Protein Structure
    • Protein Function
    • Structure and Organization of DNA
    • DNA Replication and Repair
    • Transcription: DNA to RNA
    • Translation: RNA to Protein
    • Control of Gene Expression
    • Membrane Structure and Components
    • Membrane Transport and Active Transporters
    • Channels and the Electrical Properties of Membranes
    • Transmembrane Transport in Endoplasmic Reticulum and Peroxisomes
    • Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting
    • Intracellular Membrane Traffic
    • Endocytosis and Exocytosis
    • Mitochondria and Energy Production
    • Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis
    • Principles of Cell Signaling
    • Signaling Networks of G Protein-coupled Receptors
    • Signaling Networks of Kinase Receptors
    • Alternative Signaling Routes in Gene Expression
    • The Cytoskeleton I: Actin and Microfilaments
    • The Cytoskeleton II: Microtubules and Intermediate Filaments
    • Extracellular Matrix in Animals
    • Cell-Matrix Interactions
    • Cell-Cell Interactions
    • Cell Polarization and Migration
    • Plant Cell Structure and Organization
    • Analyzing Cells and Proteins
    • Visualizing Cells, Tissues, and Molecules
    • Cell Proliferation
    • Cell Division
    • Meiosis
    • Cell Death
    • Cancer
    • Stem Cell Biology And Renewal in Epithelial Tissue
    • A Hierarchical Stem-Cell System: Blood Cell Formation
    • Fibroblast Transformation and Muscle Stem Cells
    • Regeneration and Repair
    • Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
  • Molecular Biology
  • • DNA, Cells, and Evolution
    • Biochemistry of the Cell
    • Protein Structure
    • Protein Function
    • DNA and Chromosome Structure
    • DNA Replication
    • DNA Repair and Recombination
    • Transcription: DNA to RNA
    • Translation: RNA to Protein
    • Gene Expression
    • Additional Roles of RNA
  • • Mendelian Genetics
    • Genomes and Evolution
    • Cell Signaling Pathways
    • Studying DNA and RNA
    • Analyzing Gene Expression and Function
    • Cell Proliferation
    • Cell Division
    • Meiosis
    • Cancer
  • Chemistry
  • • Introduction: Matter and Measurement
    • Atoms and Elements
    • Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations
    • Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions
    • Gases
    • Thermochemistry
    • Electronic Structure of Atoms
    • Periodic Properties of the Elements
    • Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts
    • Chemical Bonding: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
    • Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
    • Solutions and Colloids
    • Chemical Kinetics
    • Chemical Equilibrium
    • Acids and Bases
    • Acid-base and Solubility Equilibria
    • Thermodynamics
    • Electrochemistry
    • Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
    • Transition Metals and Coordination Complexes
    • Biochemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • • Covalent Bonding and Structure
    • Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics
    • Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
    • Stereoisomerism
    • Acids and Bases
    • Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides
    • Alkene Structure and Reactivity
    • Reactions of Alkenes
    • Alkynes
    • Alcohols and Phenols
    • Ethers, Epoxides, Sulfides
    • Aldehydes and Ketones
    • Carboxylic Acids
    • Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
    • α-Carbon Chemistry: Enols, Enolates, and Enamines
    • Dienes, Conjugated Pi Systems, and Pericyclic Reactions
    • Aromatic Compounds
    • Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
    • Amines
    • Radical Chemistry
    • Synthetic Polymers
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • • Chemical Applications of Statistical Analyses
    • Chemical Equilibria
    • Acid–Base Titration
    • Introduction to Separation Methods
    • Complexometric Titration, Precipitation Titration, and Gravimetry
    • Principles of Mass Spectrometry
    • Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
    • Interpreting Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra
    • Method Development and Sampling Techniques
    • Electrochemical Analyses and Redox Titration
    • Principles of Chromatography
    • Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy
    • Molecular Vibrational Spectroscopy
    • Atomic Spectroscopy
    • Mass Spectrometry Fragmentation Methods
    • Advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  • Physics
  • • Units, Dimensions, and Measurements
    • Vectors and Scalars
    • Motion Along a Straight Line
    • Motion in Two or Three Dimensions
    • Newton's Laws of Motion
    • Application of Newton's Laws of Motion
    • Work and Kinetic Energy
    • Potential Energy and Energy Conservation
    • Linear Momentum, Impulse and Collisions
    • Rotation and Rigid Bodies
    • Dynamics of Rotational Motions
    • Equilibrium and Elasticity
    • Fluid Mechanics
    • Gravitation
    • Oscillations
    • Waves
    • Sound
    • Temperature and Heat
    • The Kinetic Theory of Gases
    • The First Law of Thermodynamics
    • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
    • Electric Charges and Fields
    • Gauss's Law
    • Electric Potential
    • Capacitance
    • Current and Resistance
    • Direct-Current Circuits
    • Magnetic Forces and Fields
    • Sources of Magnetic Fields
    • Electromagnetic Induction
    • Inductance
    • Alternating-Current Circuits
    • Electromagnetic Waves
  • Statistics
  • • Understanding Statistics
    • Summarizing and Visualizing Data
    • Measure of Central Tendency
    • Measures of Variation
    • Measures of Relative Standing
    • Probability Distributions
    • Estimates
    • Distributions
    • Hypothesis Testing
    • Analysis of Variance
    • Correlation and Regression
    • Statistics in Practice
    • Nonparametric Statistics
    • Biostatistics
    • Survival Analysis
    • Statistical Softwares
    • Control Charts
  • Anatomy and Physiology
  • • Introduction to the Human Body
    • Diagnostic Imaging Techniques
    • Fundamentals of Chemistry
    • Biochemistry of the Cell
    • Cells and their Components
    • Cell Membrane Structure and Functions
    • Essential Cellular Processes
    • Tissues of the Human Body
    • The Integumentary System
    • Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
    • The Axial Skeleton
    • The Appendicular Skeleton
    • The Joints
    • Muscle Tissue
    • The Muscular System
    • The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
    • Anatomy of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System
    • Functions of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System
    • The Autonomic Nervous System
    • The Special Senses
    • The Endocrine System
    • Blood
    • The Heart
    • Blood Vessels and Circulation
    • The Lymphatic and Immune System
    • The Respiratory System
    • Digestive System
    • Absorption of Nutrients
    • The Urinary System
    • Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
    • The Reproductive System
  • Pharmacology
  • • General Pharmacological Principles
    • Adverse Drug Effects and Chemical Toxicity
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Pharmacodynamics
    • Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System: Cholinergic Agonists and Antagonists Agents
    • Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System: Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists Agents
    • Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
    • Local Anesthetics
    • Cardiovascular Drugs: Antihypertensive Drugs
    • Cardiovascular Drugs: Antiarrhythmic and Heart Failure Drugs
    • Cardiovascular Drugs: Anticoagulants and Antianginal Agents
    • Drug Abuse and Addiction
    • Drugs for Pain Management: Opioid Analgesics and General Anesthetics
    • Pharmacotherapy of Psychosis and Mania
    • Pharmacotherapy of Depression and Anxiety Disorders
    • Anxiolytics, Sedatives and Hypnotics
    • Pharmacotherapy of the Epilepsies
    • Introduction to Respiratory System Drugs
    • Lower Respiratory Disorders
    • Other Respiratory Disorders
    • Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease
    • Drugs Affecting Gastrointestinal Motility
    • Drugs for Chronic Bowel Disorders
    • Drugs for Nausea and Vomiting
    • Insulin and Hypoglycemic Drugs
  • Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
  • • Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Introduction
    • Biostatistics: Introduction
    • Pharmacokinetics: Drug Absorption
    • Pharmacokinetics: Drug Distribution and Protein Binding
    • Pharmacokinetics: Drug Biotransformation
    • Pharmacokinetics: Drug Excretion and Clearance
    • Pharmacokinetic Models
    • Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics
  • Nursing
  • • Introduction to Nursing
    • Introduction to Health
    • Healthcare Delivery Systems
    • Communication
    • Infection Prevention and Control
    • The Nursing Process I
    • The Nursing Process II
    • The Nursing Process III
    • Documentation and Reporting
    • Ethical and Legal Aspects in Nursing
    • Vital Signs: Temperature
    • Vital Signs: Pulse
    • Vital Signs: Respiration
    • Vital Signs: Blood Pressure
  • Medical-Surgical Nursing
  • • An Overview of the Respiratory System: Anatomy, Physiology, Assessment, and Abnormalities
    • Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
    • Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
    • Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
    • Chest Injuries
    • Diagnostic Studies of Respiratory System
    • Fundamentals of Respiratory Care: Techniques and Management
    • An Overview of the Gastrointestinal System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Assessment
    • Disorders of the Esophagus
    • Gastric and Duodenal Disorders
    • Intestinal and Rectal Disorders
    • Diagnostic and Radiological Studies of the GI System
    • An Overview of the Cardiovascular System: Anatomy, Physiology, Assessment, and Abnormalities
    • Cardiovascular Diagnostic Studies and Procedures
  • Introduction to Psychology
  • • An Introduction to Psychology
    • Biopsychology
    • Sensation and Perception
    • States of Consciousness
    • Learning
    • Thinking, Language And Intelligence
    • Memory
    • Motivation and Emotion
    • Personality
    • Developmental Psychology
    • Stress and Lifestyle
    • Psychological Disorders
    • Treatment of Psychological Disorders
  • Social Psychology
  • • Research Methods
    • The Social Self
    • Social Judgement and Decision-Making
    • Understanding and Influencing Others
    • Attitudes and Persuasion
    • Close Relationships
    • Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
    • Helping and Hurting
    • Group Dynamics
  • Electrical Engineering
  • • Basics of Electric Circuits
    • DC Circuit Analysis
    • Operational Amplifiers
    • Energy Storage Elements
    • First and Second-Order Circuits
    • AC Circuit Analysis
    • AC Steady State Power
    • Three-Phase Circuits
    • Frequency Response
    • Basics of Semiconductors
    • Diodes
    • Transistors
    • Introduction to Signals and Systems
    • Linear Time- Invariant Systems
    • The Laplace Transform
    • Fourier Series
    • The Fourier Transform
    • Sampling
    • z-Transform
    • Introduction to Control Systems
    • Modeling in Time and Frequency Domain
    • Diagrams and Signal Flow Graphs
    • Transient and Steady-state Response Analysis
    • Root-Locus Method
    • Design of Control Systems
    • Power Transformers
    • Transmission Line Parameters
    • Steady-State Transmission Lines and Power Flows
    • Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Faults
    • System Protection
    • Transient Stability and System Controls
    • Transmission Lines: Transient Operation
    • Power Distributions
  • Civil Engineering
  • • Masonry Materials
    • Masonry
    • Wood
    • Introduction to Concrete
    • Aggregates and Water
    • Fresh Concrete
    • Strength of Concrete
    • Mixing, Placing and Curing Concrete
    • Admixtures
    • Elasticity, Creep, and Shrinkage in Concrete
    • Permeability of Concrete
    • Freezing and Thawing in Concrete
    • Design Examples
    • Fluid Properties
    • Fluid Statics
    • Fluid Dynamics
    • Fluid Kinematics
    • Finite Control Volume Analysis
    • Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
    • Dimensional Analysis, Similitude, and Modeling
    • Flow in Pipes
    • Flow over Immersed Bodies
    • Open Channel Flow
    • Introduction to Surveying
    • Leveling
    • Angles and Directions
    • Traverse and Topographic Surveying
    • Horizontal and Vertical Curves
    • Global Positioning System (GPS)
    • Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • • Physics Basics
    • An Introduction to Statics
    • Force Vectors
    • Equilibrium of a Particle
    • Force System Resultants
    • Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
    • Structural Analysis
    • Internal Forces
    • Friction
    • Center of Gravity and Centroid
    • Moment of Inertia
    • Virtual Work
    • Kinematics of a Particle
    • Kinetics of a Particle: Force and Acceleration
    • Kinetics of a Particle: Impulse and Momentum
    • Planar Kinematics of a Rigid Body
    • 3-Dimensional Kinetics of a Rigid Body
    • Concept of Stress
    • Stress and Strain - Axial Loading
    • Torsion
    • Bending
    • Analysis and Design of Beams for Bending
    • Shearing Stresses in Beams and Thin-Walled Members
    • Transformations of Stress and Strain
    • Principal Stresses under a Given Loading
    • Deflection of Beams
    • Columns
    • Energy Methods
  • Microbiology
  • • Introduction to Microbiology
    • Microbial Cell Structure and Function
    • Microbial Metabolism
    • Microbial Growth
    • Control of Microbial Growth
    • Bacterial Genetics and Gene Regulation
    • Microbial Diversity
    • Viruses
• JoVE Science Education
  • Advanced Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Basic Biology
  • General Laboratory Techniques
  • Basic Methods in Cellular and Molecular Biology
  • Biology I: yeast, Drosophila and C. elegans
  • Biology II: Mouse, Zebrafish, and Chick
  • Lab Animal Research
  • Lab Safety
  • Chemistry
  • General Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Organic Chemistry II
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Clinical Skills
  • Physical Examinations I
  • Physical Examinations II
  • Physical Examinations III
  • Emergency Medicine and Critical Care
  • Nursing Skills
  • Coronavirus / COVID-19 Procedures
  • Physical Examinations IV
  • Engineering
  • Bioengineering
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Structural Engineering
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Engineering
  • Aeronautical Engineering
  • Environmental Sciences
  • Environmental Science
  • Environmental Microbiology
  • Earth Science
  • Physics
  • Physics I
  • Physics II
  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Science
  • Experimental Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuropsychology
  • Sensation and Perception
  • Social Psychology
• JoVE Lab Manual
  • Biology
  • Chemistry
• JoVE Business
  • Marketing
  • • Marketing Fundamentals
    • Marketing Environment
    • Consumer Behaviour
    • Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning
    • Creating Customer Value: Product to Experience
    • Capturing Customer Value: Price to Exchange
    • Delivering Customer Value: Place to Everywhere
    • Communicating Customer Value: Promotion to Evangelism
    • Social Responsibility and Ethics in Marketing
    • Market Research
    • Competitive Marketing Strategies
    • Marketing Metrics
    • Digital Marketing
    • Services Marketing
    • B2B Marketing
    • Global Marketing
    • Contemporary Topics in Marketing
  • Microeconomics
  • • Introduction to Microeconomics
    • Demand and its Elasticities
    • Supply and its Elasticities
    • Market Equilibrium
    • Consumer Behavior
    • Producer Behavior
    • Costs
    • Perfect Competition
    • Monopoly
    • Monopolistic Competition
    • Oligopoly
    • Consumer Surplus, Producer Surplus, and Market Efficiency
    • Analysis of Competitive Markets
    • General Equilibrium Theory and Welfare Economics
    • Economics for Labor Markets
    • Externalities and Public Goods
    • Asymmetric Information and Moral Hazard
    • Game Theory
    • Behavioral Economics
    • Uncertainty
  • Finance
  • • Introduction to Business Finance
    • Financial Markets and Instruments
    • Analysis of Financial Statements
    • Financial Ratio Analysis
    • Time Value of Money
    • Risk and Return
    • Capital Budgeting
    • Cost of Capital
    • Raising Long Term Capital
    • Short-term Financing and Planning
    • Dividend and Payout Policy
    • Stock Valuation
    • Bonds - Concepts and Valuation
    • Mergers & Acquisitions
    • Financial Ethics
    • Behavioural Finance
    • Leasing

• Research
• JoVE Journal
  • Behavior
  • Biochemistry
  • Bioengineering
  • Biology
  • Cancer Research
  • Chemistry
  • Developmental Biology
  • Engineering
  • Environment
  • Genetics
  • Immunology and Infection
  • Medicine
  • Neuroscience
• JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiment
  • Biology
  • Large Animal Models
  • Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)
  • Caenorhabditis elegans (worm)
  • Danio rerio (zebrafish)
  • Rodent Models
  • Cancer Research
  • Breast Cancer
  • Lung Cancer
  • Leukemia
  • Pancreatic Cancer
  • Colorectal Cancer
  • Skin Cancer
  • Gynecologic Cancer
  • Prostate Cancer
  • Gastrointestinal Cancer
  • Head and Neck Cancer
  • Urinary Tract Cancer
  • Cancers of the Nervous System
  • Biological Techniques
  • Genome Editing Techniques
  • Gene Transfer Techniques
  • Staining Techniques
  • Chromatography Techniques
  • Electrophoresis Techniques
  • Assay Techniques
  • PCR Techniques
  • Blot Techniques
  • Biomolecular Interaction Detection Techniques
  • Spectroscopy Techniques
  • Microscopy Techniques
  • Immunology
  • Immune Systems and Components
  • Immune Response
  • Immunopathology
  • Immunodiagnostics
  • Antibody-Based Technologies
  • Immunotherapy
  • Neuroscience
  • Neuronal Culture Techniques
  • Neurophysiology
  • Neuropathology
  • Neuroimaging