Singapore Polytechnic 1 article published in JoVE Bioengineering In Vitro Model of Human Cutaneous Hypertrophic Scarring using Macromolecular Crowding Chen Fan1, Lay Keng Priscilla Lim1, Zihao Wu1, Bhavya Sharma1, Shi Qi Gan1,2, Kun Liang1, Zee Upton1,3, David Leavesley1 1Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 3Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) This protocol describes the use of macromolecular crowding to create an in vitro human hypertrophic scar tissue model that resembles in vivo conditions. When cultivated in a crowded macromolecular environment, human skin fibroblasts exhibit phenotypes, biochemistry, physiology, and functional characteristics resembling scar tissue.