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Chapter 2

Biochemistry of the Cell

The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements
Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of…
Functional Groups
Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties…
Types of Chemical Bonds
Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type…
Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules
Noncovalent attractions are associations within and between molecules that influence the shape and structural stability of complexes. These…
Polymers
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means…
What are Lipids?
Lipids function as structural components of cellular membranes, in addition to acting as energy reservoirs and signaling molecules. They are thus…
Structure of Lipids
Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar…
Chemistry of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are an essential part of the diet in humans and animals. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates that…
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions…
Protein and Protein Structure
Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules.…
pH Regulation in Cells
pH plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular activities. It helps maintain the structure and function of various proteins, dictates the…
Chemistry of the Cell
The cell is chemically composed of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions. Water The polarity of the water molecule and its resulting hydrogen…
A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis
Heteroarylation introduces heteroaryl fragments to organic molecules. Despite the numerous available reactions reported for arylation via transition…
Looking Outwards: Isolation of Cyanobacterial Released Carbohydrate Polymers and Proteins
Cyanobacteria can actively secrete a wide range of biomolecules into the extracellular environment, such as heteropolysaccharides and proteins. The…
Analysis of the Lipid Composition of Mycobacteria by Thin Layer Chromatography
Mycobacteria species can differ from one another in the rate of growth, presence of pigmentation, the colony morphology displayed on solid media, as…

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