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Chapter 17

Aromatic Compounds

Aromatic Compounds: Overview
In general, the term ‘aromatic’ indicates a pleasant smell or fragrance from fresh flowers, freshly prepared coffee, etc. In the early…
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent
Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon or arene. The IUPAC names for simple monosubstituted benzene derivatives are derived by adding the…
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents
When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present. For…
Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model
In 1865, August Kekule suggested the structure of benzene according to the structural theory of organic chemistry based on the three…
Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model
According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in…
Criteria for Aromaticity and the H&uuml;ckel 4<em>n</em> + 2 Rule
Like benzene, cyclobutadiene and cyclooctatetraene are cyclic compounds with alternate single and double bonds. However, their chemical behavior…
H&uuml;ckel's Rule Diagram of &pi; MOs: Frost Circle
The Frost circle or the inscribed polygon method is a graphical method for determining the relative energies of π molecular orbitals (MOs) for…
Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems
The inscribed polygon method is consistent with Hückel’s 4n + 2 rule and helps to learn whether the given cyclic compound is aromatic or…
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview
Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic.…
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview
Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the…
Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview
Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring.…
NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds
Aromatic compounds can be identified or analyzed using proton NMR and carbon‐13 NMR. Typically, aromatic hydrogens or hydrogens directly bonded…
Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1<em>H</em>-pyrazole-5-amines
A synthetic process for the preparation of a variety of 1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines was developed. The microwave-mediated nature of this method makes…
Protocol for the Synthesis of <em>Ortho</em>-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
Molecules bearing trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) group often show desired pharmacological and biological properties. However, facile synthesis of…
Preparation of a Corannulene-functionalized Hexahelicene by Copper(I)-catalyzed Alkyne-azide Cycloaddition of Nonplanar Polyaromatic Units
The main purpose of this video is to show 6 reaction steps of a convergent synthesis and prepare a complex molecule containing up to three nonplanar…

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