Chapter 20
特別な感覚
Chapter 20
The Special Senses
Humans have five special senses—vision, smell, taste, hearing, and equilibrium. All these senses have anatomically distinct receptors to detect …
The accessory structures of the eyes protect and support the eye but are not directly involved in vision.
Eyebrows, …
The eyeball is a hollow fluid-filled structure composed of three layers—the fibrous, vascular, and inner layers.
The superficial fibrous layer has …
In a normal human eye, as light rays enter, they bend at the cornea, and the lens, to form an inverted image on the retina. The extent to which rays …
The retina contains two major types of photoreceptors— rods and cones.
Their inner segment, which contains most cell organelles, is situated in the …
The olfactory organ is situated on the roof of the nasal cavity. It covers the superior nasal concha on each side of the nasal septum.
It consists of the …
The olfactory organs are responsible for the olfaction or sense of smell.
The process of olfaction begins as olfactory cilia capture the odorant …
Taste buds—the sensory organs of the taste—are oval-shaped structures consisting of two major types of epithelial cells.
Gustatory epithelial …
Taste physiology begins when the tastants — the chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells — dissolve in saliva, diffuse through the …
The human ear has three important regions— external, middle, and internal.
The external ear consists of the cartilaginous auricle and the auditory …
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory …
The body position and balance are detected by specialized organs in the inner ear. These include the utricle and saccule of the vestibule and the …
In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson’s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process …
Cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) transmit acoustic signals to spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) through ribbon synapses. Several experimental studies have …
The ocular micro-dissection of the rodent eye involves the segmentation of the enucleated eyeball with the attached nictitating membrane, or third eyelid, …