Chapter 2
Summarizing and Visualizing Data
Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative…
A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included…
A relative frequency distribution is the proportion or fraction of times a value occurs in a data set. To find the relative frequencies, one can…
A percentage frequency distribution, in general, is a display of data that indicates the percentage of observations for each data point or grouping…
An ogive graph is sometimes called a cumulative frequency polygon. It is one type of frequency polygon that shows cumulative frequency. In other…
The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data…
The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of…
A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To…
As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values.…
A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while…
The Simple View of Reading is a popular model of reading that claims that reading is the product of decoding and language, with each component…
Due to discrepancies between self-reported and observed pro-environmental behavior, researchers suggest the use of more direct measures of behavior.…