Aby wyświetlić tę treść, wymagana jest subskrypcja JoVE. Zaloguj się lub rozpocznij bezpłatny okres próbny.

Summary

This protocol describes an accurate, inexpensive, rapid and non-toxic method to determine the sex of Day 30 porcine embryo using PCR method after grinding an embryo into powder without phenol chloroform extraction and DNA column purification.

Abstract

Research into prenatal programming in the pig has shown that the sex of the developing embryo or fetus can influence the developmental outcome. Therefore, the ability to determine an embryo's sex is necessary in many experiments particularly regarding early development. The present protocol demonstrates an inexpensive, rapid and non-toxic preparation of pig genomic DNA for use with PCR. Day 30 embryos must be humanely collected according to the guidelines established by Institutional Animal Policy and Welfare Committees for the present protocol. The preparation of the whole embryo for this PCR based sexing technique simply involves grinding the frozen embryo to a fine powder using a pre-chilled mortar and pestle. PCR-quality DNA is released from a small amount of embryo powder by applying a hot incubation in an alkaline lysis reagent. Next, the DNA solution is mixed with neutralization buffer and used directly for PCR. Two primer pairs are generated to detect specific sex determining region of the Y- chromosome (SRY) and ZFX region of the X- chromosome with high accuracy and specificity. The same protocol can be applied to other elongated embryos (Day 10 to Day 14) earlier than Day 30. Also, this protocol can be carried with 96-welled plates when screening a large number of embryos, making it feasible for automation and high-throughput sex typing.

Introduction

The domestic pig has become a fundamental research subject in development, genetics and nutrition in both human and livestock sectors. The potential of pigs as biomedical models for human research can be attributed to their physiological similarities. In livestock, the manipulation of sex ratio can enhance the effectiveness of selection and genetic improvement programs¹. Sexing individual embryos is a fundamental tool used in many experimental investigations including but not limited to genotype, epigenetics and X inactivation of sexual dimorphism during early embryo development².

Studies in mice suggest that maternal diet and other factors may result in gender imbalance³. In pigs, causes of sex ratio imbalance include paternal breed⁴, uterine capacity⁵, and the sow's metabolic condition⁶. Since the differences observed in embryos and litters can be influenced by sexual dimorphism, researchers should be aware of embryo sex and sex ratios before drawing conclusions regarding their research. The development of efficient tools and protocols for sexing pig embryos at Day 30 of development will be discussed here.

Various methods of sex typing have been developed for genetic studies in model organisms and livestock. Particularly in livestock, identifying male and female early embryos is a very common practice to enhance genetic selection for breeding programs. Early embryos karyotyping in pig using Giemsa⁷ or the intense fluorescence^8,9 techniques have been used for sex typing. However, these methods are time consuming and not suitable for screening large numbers of embryos quickly and accurately.

The most effective sex typing method is DNA amplification using a heat stable DNA polymerase and a pair of primers. DNA sexing by PCR method is more specific, rapid and sensitive, only requiring a minute amount of cellular materials. The first PCR-based embryo sexing was performed on humans¹⁰, and later in mice¹¹, cattle¹², buffalo¹³ and sheep¹⁴ pre-implantation embryos. In the pig, the earliest DNA sex typing method was established for pre-implantation embryos via a single pair of Y-chromosome specific DNA primers¹⁵. However, the most common PCR primers for sex determination were selected from the Y-chromosome of male specific SRY gene¹⁶ and the non-sex discriminative region of a zinc-finger gene located at both X and Y chromosome¹⁷. Subsequently, these primers have been applied to determine the sex of Day 30 embryos in this study with improved specificity of the primers to detect only the X- chromosome of a zinc-finger gene.

Genomic DNA from porcine pre-implantation embryos can be extracted by exposing an intact blastocyst to buffer with proteinase K¹⁶ or by taking a biopsy of a few cells from the individual early cleavage embryos¹⁵ and using them for direct PCR. However, release of DNA from porcine blood, hair, tissues or a large conceptus over a few centimeters in size is not effectively done using the proteinase K method. DNA extraction methods for these materials have been established using either time consuming phenol/chloroform protocols⁶ or expensive column based kits¹⁸. In order to avoid the use of potentially toxic chemicals, there is a trend to develop inexpensive, easy and phenol-free DNA extraction methods. This type of protocol for the isolation of PCR-quality genomic DNA from mouse¹⁹ and zebrafish²⁰ tissues has been established using hot sodium hydroxide and Tris (HotSHOT). This study provides a protocol to obtain DNA with modified HotSHOT and redesigned duplex primer pairs for PCR sex typing directly from cell lysates of Day 30 porcine embryos with high accuracy.

Protocol

In accordance with the Canadian Council on Animal Care guidelines and with approval of the Faculty Animal Policy and Welfare Committee – Livestock of the University of Alberta, pregnant sows were euthanized by trained staffs at approximately Day 30 of pregnancy and embryos were collected. Use examination gloves at all times during the procedures. 1. Sample Collection and Sample Storage Euthanize sow using captive bolt followed by exsanguination. Wear examination gloves to collect the reproductive tracts and embryos from each euthanized sow. Note: Rapid collection of samples and transfer embryos to dry ice or liquid nitrogen will result in higher quality tissues for other molecular works such as microarray and qPCR. Dissect the uterus and gently separate all the embryos within their extraembryonic placental membranes from the underlying uterine wall21. Make sure there is no maternal tissue contamination. Record length and weight of all viable embryos prior to freezing. Collect each individual embryo and immediately wrap it up in an aluminum foil before snap freezing with liquid nitrogen. Transfer the frozen embryos from liquid nitrogen directly to a -80 °C freezer. 2. Grinding Embryos Label all sample tubes (15 ml) with the sample ID needed for the number of samples to be analyzed. Fill thermal container with dry ice to half full and insert the pre-labelled sample tube in the dry ice. Wear winter gloves with another pair of examination gloves on top for transferring the pre-chilled mortars and pestles from -80 °C freezer to dry ice container. Place the frozen embryo inside the mortar on the dry ice. Pour adequate liquid nitrogen to cover the embryo and grind it with the pestle into a fine powder. Transfer the embryo powder to a pre-labeled sample tube with a microspatula (Figure 1) and place the tube in a -80 °C freezer. Use a clean pre-chilled mortar and pestle for each embryo and change the examination gloves after grinding each embryo to avoid cross contamination between samples. 3. Genomic DNA Preparation using Modified Sodium Hydroxide Method Label all the microcentrifuge tubes (1.5 ml) needed for the number of samples to be analyzed. Transfer the sample tubes containing embryo powder from the -80 °C freezer to a container with dry ice prior to starting. Pipette 180 µl of 50 mM NaOH (sodium hydroxide) into each pre-labelled microcentrifuge tube. Turn on an incubator and pre-heat to 95 °C. Use a toothpick to transfer the correct amount of embryo powder (about 5-10 mg) (Figure 2) from the sample tube into a pre-labelled microcentrifuge tube containing the 50 mM NaOH solution. Pull up the same toothpick slowly to visualize the DNA lysate as a sticky, gooey, white transparent-like substance (Figure 3). Transfer the microcentrifuge tubes with DNA lysate to the pre-heated incubator at 95 °C for five minutes. Immediately transfer the tube to a styrofoam box filled with ice. Add 20 µl of 1 M Tris-HCl directly into the microcentrifuge tube and mix it by gently tapping the tube. Use a pH paper to ensure the pH is approximately 8.0 (Figure 4) prior to centrifugation. Note: When dealing with a large number of sample preparations, it is acceptable to randomly pick few samples to check the pH. Centrifuge the tube with the DNA lysate at 2,000 x g in a microcentrifuge for two min at room temperature to remove undissolved tissue debris. Transfer 150 µl of the top clear supernatant into a new tube or 96 well plates. Note: The clear DNA lysate is ready to use as a template in PCR reaction and it is stable at 4 °C for two weeks, or it can be kept at -20 °C for a year. 4. Design Sex-specific PCR Primers Obtain accession numbers for Porcine sex determining region Y (SRY) (NM_214452.3) and and zinc finger protein X-linked (ZFX) genes (XM_005673501.1) from NCBI website http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Copy and paste these NCBI accession numbers to an online primer design tool. Note: The best primers information including length, Tm and GC% as well as PCR product size (bp) will be generated on the computer screen (Figure 5). Validate the specificity of these primers using nucleotide Blast program (Blastn) against the current porcine genomic database 104 to ensure these sequences are only located on X and Y chromosome for SRY and ZFX respectively (Figure 6). 5. Genomic DNA PCR Directly from DNA Lysates Use only 1 µl of the DNA lysate as a template for a 15 µl PCR reaction. Note: A high throughput screening method for 96-well plates PCR can be performed in similar way using a multichannel pipette. Do the following just for the first PCR: prepare one PCR tube for the no template negative control and two additional tubes for positive controls by adding 1 µl (0.5 ng) of commercially obtained known sex porcine genomic DNA. Later, include a sample from the last successful sexing analysis as a positive control and run together with the new PCR reaction for sex determination. Use any HotStart ready mix PCR enzyme and prepare a master mix by adding primers and nuclease free water depending on the total number of PCR reactions. Add 1 µl of the DNA lysate into a pre-existing PCR tube with 14 µl of the PCR master mix. Add primers such that the final concentration of the primers from two sex-specific genes is 0.3 µM in total of 15 µl PCR reaction. Set up the following PCR program in a thermal cycler: 95 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles each with a 20 sec melting step 98 °C, followed by a 15 sec annealing step at 65 °C, followed by a 15 sec elongation step at 72 °C. In a final step, incubate the reactions for 1 min at 72 °C and continue to incubate at 4 °C until removal of the PCR tube for gel electrophoresis verification to determine the sex. Note: PCR conditions and optimization are according to the manual of the PCR kit mentioned in the Materials Table. Add the appropriate amount of non-toxic green- fluorescent SYBR DNA gel stain when preparing a 2% TBE agarose gel. Note: Ethidium bromide can be substituted for green- fluorescent stain if it is not available. Add 1.5 µl of the loading dye (10x) into the PCR tube and mix well by pipetting the PCR reaction buffer up-and-down. Load 10 µl of the sample into the well and run the agarose gel with appropriate voltage settings (small gel apparatus at 100 V, 96-well gel apparatus at 150 V until the dye band runs half way through the gel). Observe and adjust the bands intensities under the fluorescent light setting using a laser scanner and capture an image of the gel. Note: Common gel imager can be substituted for the ethidium bromide gel. Determine the sex of the porcine embryos by identifying embryos with one band as a female and two bands as a male (Figure 7).

Representative Results

A representative result of sex determination from 345 DNA lysates screening by PCR is shown in Figure 7 and summarized in Table 1. As can be seen in Figure 7, the primers annealing temperature at 65 °C is the optimal condition in this PCR protocol generating similar intensity and predicated amplicon sizes (Figure 5) among different samples. <p class="jo…

Discussion

Most of the existing protocols related to porcine embryos DNA sex typing are only suitable for early stage pre-implantation stage^15,16. We have successfully developed a protocol suitable for porcine embryo screening during late gestation. Based on studies with similar developmental stages of embryos from previous studies^6,18, the present protocol is considered to be safer and low cost.

This protocol is also suitable for a large number of samples for sex typing using PCR b…

Materials

KAPA HiFi HotStart Ready Mix PCR kit	KAPABiosystems	KR0370	other Hot Start Taq polymerase can be used after optimization
SYBR Safe DNA Gel Stain	Life Technologies	S33102	Ethidium bromide can be substituted for SYBR Safe
Pig female and male genomic DNA	Zyagen	GP-160-F1 & GP-160-M5	Postive controls from the tissues of known sex DNA can be used.
Typhoon FLA 9500 laser scanner	GE Healthcare Life Sciences	28-9969-43	other imaging system can be used
Free Soft Nitrile Examination Gloves	WWR	89038-270	any other examination glove can be used
Sodium hydroxide, solid	Fisher	BP 359 -212	Molecular Biology Grade
Eppendorff DNA LoBind Tubes, 1.5 ml, PCR clean	Eppendorff	0030 108.051	heat resistant
ThermoStat plus	Eppendorff	22670204	Use as a incubator for 95C, don't need to use the heater
Toothpick	Bunzl Plc	75200815	Any round wooden toothpicks can be used – quality wood
Microcentrifuge 5417R/5417C	Eppendorff	22621807	This model was discontinued. But another newer model can be used
Microspatula	Fisher	SDI28540115	Autoclaved before use each time.