A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions.…

Consider the oxidation of sulfur dioxide: For a reaction that begins with a mixture of reactants only, the product concentration is initially equal…

Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions For gas-phase reactions, the equilibrium constant may be expressed in terms of either the molar…

The equilibrium constant for a reaction is calculated from the equilibrium concentrations (or pressures) of its reactants and products. If these…

The status of a reversible reaction is conveniently assessed by evaluating its reaction quotient (Q). For a reversible reaction described by m A + n…

Being able to calculate equilibrium concentrations is essential to many areas of science and technology—for example, in the formulation and…

If a reaction has a small equilibrium constant, the equilibrium position favors the reactants. In such reactions, a negligible change in…

A system at equilibrium is in a state of dynamic balance, with forward and reverse reactions taking place at equal rates. If an equilibrium system is…

For gas-phase equilibria, changes in the concentrations of reactants and products can occur with altered volume and pressure. The partial pressure,…

Consistent with the law of mass action, an equilibrium stressed by a change in concentration will shift to re-establish equilibrium without any…

Estimates of the primitive upper mantle (PUM) composition reveal a depletion in many of the siderophile (iron-loving) elements, thought to result…

The computational study of the formation and growth of atmospheric aerosols requires an accurate Gibbs free energy surface, which can be obtained…

Streams such as urine and manure can contain high levels of ammonium, which could be recovered for reuse in agriculture or chemistry. The extraction…