Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for…

The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ decay, neutron emission, and electron capture. Alpha (α) decay is…

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is…

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass…

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay…

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and…

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or…

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process…

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus…

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating,…

Leucine rich repeat kinases 1 and 2 (LRRK1 and LRRK2) are paralogs which share a similar domain organization, including a serine-threonine kinase…

The age of a submarine hydrothermal sulfide is a significant index for estimating the size of hydrothermal ore deposits. Uranium and thorium isotopes…

Major and severe accidents have occurred three times in nuclear power plants (NPPs), at Three Mile Island (USA, 1979), Chernobyl (former USSR, 1986)…