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Chapter 4

Ligand Binding Sites
Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that carry out a wide variety of essential processes; however, the activities of most proteins depend on their…
Protein-protein Interfaces
Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most…
Conserved Binding Sites
Many proteins’ biological role depends on their interactions with their ligands, small molecules that bind to specific locations on the protein…
The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength
The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is…
Cofactors and Coenzymes
Enzymes require additional components for proper function. There are two such classes of molecules: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic…
Allosteric Regulation
Allosteric regulation of enzymes occurs when the binding of an effector molecule to a site that is different from the active site causes a change in…
Ligand Binding and Linkage
Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the…
Allosteric Proteins-ATCase
Binding sites linkages can regulate a protein's function.  For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism…
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions
Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand…
Phosphorylation
The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These…
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases
Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation,…
GTPases and their Regulation
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as…
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators
Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an…
Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts
Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s…
Mechanical Protein Functions
Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical…
Structural Protein Function
Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major…
Protein Networks
An organism can have thousands of different proteins, and these proteins must cooperate to ensure the health of an organism. Proteins bind to other…
Assaying Protein Kinase Activity with Radiolabeled ATP
Protein kinases are able to govern large-scale cellular changes in response to complex arrays of stimuli, and much effort has been directed at…
Analyzing Protein Architectures and Protein-Ligand Complexes by Integrative Structural Mass Spectrometry
Proteins are an important class of biological macromolecules that play many key roles in cellular functions including gene expression, catalyzing…
Quantification of Protein Interaction Network Dynamics using Multiplexed Co-Immunoprecipitation
Dynamic protein-protein interactions control cellular behavior, from motility to DNA replication to signal transduction. However, monitoring dynamic…

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