Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome…

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base…

Phylogenetic trees come in many forms. It matters in which sequence the organisms are arranged from the bottom to the top of the tree, but the…

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not…

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project…

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion…

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of…

Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that…

Phylogenetic analysis uses nucleotide or amino acid sequences or other parameters, such as domain sequences and three-dimensional structure, to…

Mutants are invaluable genetic resources for gene function studies. To generate mutant collections, three types of mutagens can be utilized,…

Genotyping variants in the human genome has proven to be an efficient method to identify genetic associations with phenotypes. The distribution of…