Plants are multicellular eukaryotes with tissue systems made of various cell types that carry out specific functions. Different tissues work together…

Plant cells have a cell wall, a rigid outer covering that protects the cell and provides shape and support. During cell division, a mixture of…

Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the…

 Every plant cell has a cell wall that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives the cell shape. Cellulose, the main structural…

Microtubules are small hollow tubes in eukaryotic cells. The cell wall microtubules are polymerized dimers of two globular proteins, α-tubulin…

In a multicellular organism, cells must communicate to work together in a coordinated manner. One way that cells communicate is through direct…

Plants have rigid cell walls that are made up of cell wall polysaccharides that mediate cell-cell adhesion. The primary cell walls of plants consist…

The need for renewable, carbon neutral, and sustainable raw materials for industry and society has become one of the most pressing issues for the…

The need for renewable, carbon neutral, and sustainable raw materials for industry and society has become one of the most pressing issues for the…

It is challenging to directly observe the internal structure of multi-layered and opaque plant specimens, without dissection, under a microscope. In…