Proteins are chains of amino acids that are connected by peptide bonds and folded into a 3-dimensional structure. The side chains of individual…

Proteins are one of the fundamental building blocks of life that carry out many diverse functions in the cell. Proteins are assembled from amino…

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation which is…

Carbohydrates are essential biological molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, often in the ratio of 1:2:1. They occur as simple or…

Dehydration synthesis is the chemical process in which two molecules are covalently linked together with the release of a water molecule. Many…

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water breaks a bond within a molecule. For example, it breaks peptides into amino acids, carbohydrates…

Lipids are a group of structurally and functionally diverse organic compounds that are insoluble in water. Certain classes of lipids, such as fats,…

Nucleic acids are long chains of nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bonds. There are two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid,…

Phosphodiester linkage is created when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) is linked with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules,…

In this paper, Small and Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (SWAXS) analysis of macromolecules is demonstrated through experimentation. SWAXS is a technique…

Sampling the phloem of higher plants is often laborious and significantly dependent on the plant species. However, proteome studies under denaturing…

Monotopic proteins exert their function when attached to a membrane surface, and such interactions depend on the specific lipid composition and on…

Protein-protein interactions play an essential role in the function of a living organism. Once an interaction has been identified and validated it is…

Specific short peptides derived from motifs found in full-length proteins, in our case HIV-1 Nef, not only retain their biological function, but…

Photothermal beam deflection together with photo-acoustic calorimetry and thermal grating belongs to the family of photothermal methods that monitor…

Proteins are an important class of biological macromolecules that play many key roles in cellular functions including gene expression, catalyzing…