The endocrine system sends hormones—chemical signals—through the bloodstream to target cells—the cells the hormones selectively…

Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by…

Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These…

Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse…

In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a…

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA)…

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and their artificial derivatives are widely used drugs to treat inflammation, but long-term treatment with…

Honeybee workers are engaged in various tasks related to maintaining colony activity. The tasks of the workers change according to their age…

Bis-phenols, such as bis-phenol A (BPA) and bis-phenol-S (BPS), are polymerizing agents widely used in the production of plastics and numerous…

The hormone cortisol is typically assessed in saliva, serum, or urine samples. More recently, cortisol has been successfully extracted from hair,…