Proteins are essential macronutrients for the human body. They serve as vital structural materials, such as keratin and collagen, and functional proteins, …
Dietary lipids, or fats, primarily comprising triglycerides, are essential to human nutrition.
Saturated fats predominantly come from meat, dairy, and …
Dietary vitamins are essential as they facilitate the utilization of various other nutrients.
They predominantly act as coenzymes, assisting different …
During digestion, polysaccharides are broken down into simple sugars.
After their absorption in the GI tract, glucose is transported into other cells …
The liver synthesizes most cholesterol from acetyl CoA and transports it to the blood through lipoproteins.
These lipoproteins are of three types.
VLDLs …
Proteins in the gastrointestinal tract primarily come from food but can also originate from disintegrated cells or secreted enzymes.
In the stomach, these …
In the duodenum, dietary triglycerides in chyme are mixed with bile salts.
This process breaks down large fat droplets into smaller ones.
Once emulsified, …
The absorptive state is a well-fed period lasting approximately four hours after a meal when the body absorbs nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract.
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Energy is released when the chemical bonds in organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, are broken down.
Food energy is measured in …
The average body temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
At rest, metabolically active organs like the liver, heart, brain, and endocrine organs are vital …
The hypothalamus releases peptides influencing feeding behavior.
Two hypothalamic neuronal groups participate in this process.
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and …
Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of the cytotoxic lymphocyte population of the innate immune system and participate as a first line of defense by …
Glycogen is synthesized as a storage form of glucose by a wide array of organisms, ranging from bacteria to animals. The molecule comprises linear chains …
Fatty acid synthesis is a complex and highly energy demanding metabolic pathway with important functional roles in the control of whole-body metabolic …