Water is the main component of body fluids necessary for homeostasis. It is distributed as the intracellular fluid or ICF and the extracellular fluid or …
The human kidneys usually excrete approximately 500 mL of water daily along with about 600 mmol of urinary solutes. Due to this obligatory water loss, …
Sodium is the primary cation of extracellular fluid, making up to 90% of extracellular cations. Its concentration in blood plasma ranges from 135 – 145 …
Calcium, the most abundant mineral in the body, is mainly stored in the skeleton and teeth, combining with phosphate to form mineral salts.
Similarly, …
Sodium ion levels in the blood are regulated by four key hormones.
The adrenal cortex releases aldosterone in response to low blood volume, low blood …
The phosphate buffer system is vital in urine and intracellular fluid.
It consists of sodium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium hydrogen phosphate.
Since …
The respiratory regulation of acid-base balance is a physiological process wherein the body adjusts its breathing rate in response to changes in the pH of …
Assessing the pH, bicarbonate ion, and PCO2 levels in systemic arterial blood can identify acid-base imbalances.
A change in PCO2 suggests, the problem is …
Conditions of the tumor microenvironment, such as hypoxia or nutrient starvation, play critical roles in cancer progression and malignancy. However, the …
Bone formation by osteoblasts is an essential process for proper bone acquisition and bone turnover to maintain skeletal homeostasis, and ultimately, …