Biostatistics

Biostatistics involves applying statistical concepts to health-related fields such as public health and epidemiology, often with human subjects. This …

Epidemiology studies the patterns, distributions, and factors determining diseases and health conditions in a target population. Its methodology varies …

In epidemiology, prevalence refers to the probability of people being affected by a disease in a target population. Conversely, incidence is the …

In health sciences, sensitivity refers to the probability that a diagnostic test shows a positive result when the disease is present. On the other hand, …

When assessing a diagnostic tool or test for a particular illness, it's crucial to weigh the significance of both sensitivity and specificity. A …

Consider an example of testing calcium's effect on a woman's bone weight. In an ideal study design, the same woman would be observed in two …

Response Surface Methodology, or RSM, is a statistical technique that analyzes several input variables or factors potentially influencing a response …

The Bradford Hill criteria for causality include biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, and analogy. The biological gradient, or …

Relative risk, or risk ratio, is the ratio of the probability of a disease occurring in the exposed group to the probability in the unexposed or control …

The odds ratio, or cross-product ratio, is the ratio of the odds that a disease occurs upon exposure to a risk factor to the odds that the same disease …

Causality, or causation, is fundamentally different from a correlation. Consider a hypothetical correlation between the number of hospitals in a region …

Confounding refers to the distortion of the estimated association between an exposure and an outcome due to the influence of a third variable, known as a …

Confounding affects conclusions about the associations between exposures and outcomes. But, it can be addressed during both the design and analysis …

Sir Austin Bradford Hill suggested nine criteria for causality, out of which strength, consistency, specificity, and temporality are explained here. The …

A bias is a systematic tendency of a quantity's estimate or expected value to be skewed or far from the true value. For example, a thermometer …

Various statistical techniques are used to analyze epidemiological data and guide appropriate public health interventions. Consider a study on the …

An outbreak occurs when disease cases unexpectedly exceed normal levels in a specific area and timeframe, such as when multiple people contract a similar …

Disease surveillance involves systematic data collection and analysis, which is essential for public health management and disease prevention. …

Longitudinal studies are research designs involving repeated observation of the same subjects, capturing changes and developments over time. These studies …