A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population…

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to…

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five…

Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and…

Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals. This…

Cervid phenotype can be placed into one of two categories: efficiency, which promotes survival over extravagant morphometric growth, and luxury,…

Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, is an obligate intracellular protozoan pathogen. The parasite invades and replicates within…

In recent years, it has become apparent that genomic instability is tightly related to many developmental disorders, cancers, and aging. Given that…